Arylamides and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to heterocyclic compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical preparations thereof. Also described herein are compositions and the use of such compounds in methods of treating diseases and conditions mediated by deficient CFTR activity, in particular cystic fibrosis.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/944,141, filed Dec. 5, 2019, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, is caused by functional deficiency of the cAMP-activated plasma membrane chloride channel, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which can result in damage to the lung, pancreas, and other organs. The gene encoding CFTR has been identified and sequenced (See Gregory, R. J. et al. (1990) Nature 347:382-386; Rich, D. P. et al. (1990) Nature 347:358-362; Riordan, J. R. et al. (1989) Science 245:1066-1073). CFTR, a member of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily is composed of two six membrane-spanning domains (MSD1 and MSD2), two nucleotide binding domains (NBD1 and NBD2), a regulatory region (R) and four cytosolic loops (CL1-4). Normally, CFTR protein is located primarily in the apical membrane of epithelial cells where it functions to conduct anions, including chloride, bicarbonate and thiocyanate into and out of the cell. CFTR may have a regulatory role over other electrolyte channels, including the epithelial sodium channel ENaC.

In cystic fibrosis patients, the absence or dysfunction of CFTR leads to exocrine gland dysfunction and a multisystem disease, characterized by pancreatic insufficiency and malabsorption, as well as abnormal mucociliary clearance in the lung, mucostasis, chronic lung infection and inflammation, loss of lung function and ultimately respiratory failure.

While more than 1,900 mutations have been identified in the CFTR gene, a detailed understanding of how each CFTR mutation may impact channel function is known for only a subset. (Derichs, European Respiratory Review, 22:127, 58-65 (2013)). The most frequent CFTR mutation is the in-frame deletion of phenylalanine at residue 508 (AF508) in the first nucleotide binding domain (NBD1). Over 80% of cystic fibrosis patients have the deletion at residue 508 in at least one CFTR allele. The loss of this key phenylalanine renders the CFTR NBD1 domain conformationally unstable at physiological temperature and compromises the integrity of the interdomain interface between NBD1 and CFTR's second transmembrane domain (ICL4). The ΔF508 mutation causes production of misfolded CFTR protein which, rather than traffic to the plasma membrane, is instead retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

The loss of a functional CFTR channel at the plasma membrane disrupts ionic homeostasis and airway surface hydration leading to reduced lung function. Reduced periciliary liquid volume and increased mucus viscosity impede mucociliary clearance resulting in chronic infection and inflammation. In the lung, the loss of CFTR-function leads to numerous physiological effects downstream of altered anion conductance that result in the dysfunction of additional organs such as the pancreas, intestine and gall bladder.

The loss of a functional CFTR channel at the plasma membrane disrupts ionic homeostasis and airway surface hydration leading to reduced lung function. Reduced periciliary liquid volume and increased mucus viscosity impede mucociliary clearance resulting in chronic infection and inflammation. In addition to respiratory dysfunction, because CFTR dysfunction impacts the normal function of additional organs (pancreas, intestine, gall bladder), the loss-of-function likely impacts multiple downstream pathways requiring correction.

Guided, in part, by studies of the mechanistic aspects of CFTR misfolding and dysfunction, small molecule CFTR modulators have been identified that can increase CFTR channel function.

Despite the identification of compounds that modulate CFTR, there is no cure for this fatal disease and identification of new compounds and new methods of therapy are needed as well as new methods for treating or lessening the severity of cystic fibrosis and other CFTR mediated conditions and diseases in a patient.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A is

wherein * marks the point of attachment to Y and ** marks the point of attachment to —C(O)—;

Z¹, Z⁴, and Z⁵ are each independently N or CR⁶;

Z² and Z³ are each independently N or CR²;

Y is a bond, —NR³—, —O—, —S—, or —C(R⁴)₂—;

E is C₁₋₆-alkyl, C₂₋₆-alkynyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₄₋₉-cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀-aryl, 3-10 membered heteroaryl, or 3-9 membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five occurrences of R⁵;

V is —C(O)—O—R⁷;

R¹ is

wherein

-   -   R^(a) is hydrogen, halo or C₁₋₆ alkyl,     -   R^(b) is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —CN,         halo C₁₋₆ alkyl, thioC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         C₆₋₁₀ aryl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆alkylaryl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆alkyl,         or —S—C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,         cycloalkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two,         three, four, or five occurrences of R⁹;     -   R^(c) is C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, arylC₁₋₆ alkyl,         C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heteroaryl, or 3-9         membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally and         independently substituted with one, two, three, four, or five         occurrences of R¹⁰;     -   R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are         attached, form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, an aryl or a C₃₋₈         heterocycloalkyl ring, or     -   R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are taken together with the atoms to         which they are attached to form a bridged C₅₋₉ cycloalkyl;

each R² is independently hydrogen, halo, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O-haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₂₋₆ alkenyl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl;

R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

each R⁵ is independently halo, —CN, —NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₂-s-alkenyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —SF₅, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆alkyl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl; or

two R⁵ moieties, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 3-8 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, wherein each heterocycloalkyl is substituted with one, two, or three occurrences of R⁸;

each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, halo, or C₁₋₆-alkyl;

R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆-alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or benzyl;

each R⁸ is independently hydrogen, halo or C₁₋₆-alkyl;

each R⁹ is independently hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆-alkyl, haloC₁₋₆-alkyl, or C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl;

each R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, halo, —CN, —OH, C₁₋₆-alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O-haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₂₋₆-alkenyl, C₁₋₄-alkylaryl, —O—C₁₋₆-alkylaryl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl, —N═(NH₂)₂, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl; and

m is 0, 1, or 2;

provided that when R² is hydrogen, R^(a) is hydrogen, and R^(b) is hydrogen or methyl, then R^(c) is not C₁₋₂ alkyl, halo C₁₋₂ alkyl, or 5-membered heteroaryl.

Disclosed herein are methods of treating deficient CFTR activity, thereby treating a disease or condition mediated by deficient CFTR activity. Such diseases and conditions include, but are not limited to, cystic fibrosis, congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD), acute, recurrent, or chronic pancreatitis, disseminated bronchiectasis, asthma, allergic pulmonary aspergillosis, congenital pneumonia, intestinal malabsorption, celiac disease, nasal polyposis, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, pancreatic steatorrhea, intestinal atresia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rhinosinusitis, dry eye disease, protein C deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia, lysosomal storage disease, type 1 chylomicronemia, mild pulmonary disease, lipid processing deficiencies, type 1 hereditary angioedema, coagulation-fibrinolyis, hereditary hemochromatosis, CFTR-related metabolic syndrome, chronic bronchitis, constipation, pancreatic insufficiency, hereditary emphysema, and Sjogren's syndrome. In some embodiments, the disease is cystic fibrosis.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition suitable for use in a subject in the treatment or prevention of disease and conditions associate with deficient CFTR activity, comprising an effective amount of any of the compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of the disclosure, such as a compound of formula (I)), and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparations may be for use in treating or preventing a condition or disease as described herein.

Provided herein are combination therapies of compounds of formula (I) with CFTR-active agents that can enhance the therapeutic benefit beyond the ability of the primary therapy alone.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A is

wherein * marks the point of attachment to Y and ** marks the point of attachment to —C(O)—;

Z¹, Z⁴, and Z⁵ are each independently N or CR⁶;

Z² and Z³ are each independently N or CR²;

Y is a bond, —NR³—, —O—, —S—, or —C(R⁴)₂—;

E is C₁₋₆-alkyl, C₂₋₆-alkynyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₄₋₉-cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀-aryl, 3-10 membered heteroaryl, or 3-9 membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five occurrences of R⁵;

V is —C(O)—O—R⁷;

R¹ is

wherein

-   -   R^(a) is hydrogen, halo or C₁₋₆ alkyl,     -   R^(b) is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —CN,         halo C₁₋₆ alkyl, thioC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         C₆₋₁₀ aryl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆alkylaryl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆alkyl,         or —S—C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,         cycloalkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two,         three, four, or five occurrences of R⁹;     -   R^(c) is C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, arylC₁₋₆ alkyl,         C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heteroaryl, or 3-9         membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally and         independently substituted with one, two, three, four, or five         occurrences of R¹⁰;     -   R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are         attached, form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, an aryl or a C₃₋₈         heterocycloalkyl ring, or     -   R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are taken together with the atoms to         which they are attached to form a bridged C₅₋₉ cycloalkyl;

each R² is independently hydrogen, halo, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O-haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₂₋₆ alkenyl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl;

R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

each R⁵ is independently halo, —CN, —NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₂₋₆-alkenyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —SF₅, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆alkyl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl; or

two R⁵ moieties, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 3-8 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, wherein each heterocycloalkyl is substituted with one, two, or three occurrences of R⁸;

each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, halo, or C₁₋₆-alkyl;

R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆-alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or benzyl;

each R⁸ is independently hydrogen, halo or C₁₋₆-alkyl;

each R⁹ is independently hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆-alkyl, haloC₁₋₆-alkyl, or C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl;

each R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, halo, —CN, —OH, C₁₋₆-alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O-haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₂₋₆-alkenyl, C₁₋₄-alkylaryl, —O—C₁₋₆-alkylaryl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl, —N═(NH₂)₂, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl; and

m is 0, 1, or 2;

provided that when R² is hydrogen, R^(a) is hydrogen, and R^(b) is hydrogen or methyl, then R^(c) is not C₁₋₂ alkyl, halo C₁₋₂ alkyl, or 5-membered heteroaryl.

Disclosed herein are methods of treating deficient CFTR activity in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A is

wherein * marks the point of attachment to Y and ** marks the point of attachment to —C(O)—;

Z¹, Z⁴, and Z⁵ are each independently N or CR⁶;

Z² and Z³ are each independently N or CR²;

Y is a bond, —NR³—, —O—, —S—, or —C(R⁴)₂—;

E is C₁₋₆-alkyl, C₂₋₆-alkynyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₄₋₉-cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀-aryl, 3-10 membered heteroaryl, or 3-9 membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five occurrences of R⁵;

V is —C(O)—O—R⁷;

R¹ is

wherein

-   -   R^(a) is hydrogen, halo or C₁₋₆ alkyl,     -   R^(b) is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —CN,         halo C₁₋₆ alkyl, thioC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl,         C₆₋₁₀ aryl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆alkylaryl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆alkyl,         or —S—C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,         cycloalkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two,         three, four, or five occurrences of R⁹;     -   R^(c) is C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, arylC₁₋₆ alkyl,         C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heteroaryl, or 3-9         membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally and         independently substituted with one, two, three, four, or five         occurrences of R¹⁰;     -   R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are         attached, form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, an aryl or a C₃₋₈         heterocycloalkyl ring, or     -   R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are taken together with the atoms to         which they are attached to form a bridged C₅₋₉ cycloalkyl;

each R² is independently hydrogen, halo, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O-haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₂₋₆ alkenyl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl;

R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

each R⁵ is independently halo, —CN, —NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₂₋₆-alkenyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —SF₅, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆alkyl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl; or

two R⁵ moieties, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 3-8 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, wherein each heterocycloalkyl is substituted with one, two, or three occurrences of R⁸;

each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, halo, or C₁₋₆-alkyl;

R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆-alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or benzyl;

each R⁸ is independently hydrogen, halo or C₁₋₆-alkyl;

each R⁹ is independently hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆-alkyl, haloC₁₋₆-alkyl, or C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl;

each R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, halo, —CN, —OH, C₁₋₆-alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O-haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₂₋₆-alkenyl, C₁₋₄-alkylaryl, —O—C₁₋₆-alkylaryl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl, —N═(NH₂)₂, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl; and m is 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I),

Z¹, Z⁴, and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶;

Z² and Z³ are each independently CR²;

Y is —O—;

E is C₂₋₆-alkynyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₄₋₉-cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 3-10 membered heteroaryl, or 3-9 membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally and independently substituted with one, two, three, four, or five occurrences of R⁵;

R¹ is

wherein

-   -   R^(a) is C₁₋₆ alkyl;     -   R^(b) is C₁₋₆ alkyl or halo C₁₋₆ alkyl;     -   R^(c) is C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or     -   R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are         attached, form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or 3-8 membered         heterocycloalkyl ring; and

at least one R² is independently halo, —CN, —N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₂₋₆ alkenyl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl.

Variables Z¹, Z², Z³, Z⁴ and Z⁵ of Formula (I)

Below are exemplary embodiments of variables Z¹, Z², Z³, Z⁴ and Z⁵ of the disclosed compound of Formula (I). The values for the remaining variables are as described above.

In some embodiments, Z¹ is N; Z² and Z³ are each independently CR²; and Z⁴ and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶. In some embodiments, Z² is N; Z³ is CR²; and Z¹, Z⁴ and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶. In some embodiments, Z³ is N; Z² is CR²; and Z¹, Z⁴, and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶. In some embodiments, Z⁴ is N; Z² and Z³ are each independently CR²; and Z¹ and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶. Z¹ and Z³ are each N; Z² is CR²; and Z⁴ and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶.

Variables R³, R⁴, R⁶, and R⁷ of Formula (I)

Below are exemplary embodiments of variables R³, R⁶, R⁷, and Y of the disclosed compound of Formula (I). The values for the remaining variables are as described above.

In some embodiments, R³ is hydrogen or methyl, such as hydrogen. In some embodiments, R³ is methyl. In some embodiments, R⁴ is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R⁶ is hydrogen, while in other embodiments, R⁶ is fluoro. In some embodiments, R⁷ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or t-butyl, such as hydrogen.

Variables Y and E of Formula (I)

Below are exemplary embodiments of variables Y and E of the disclosed compound of Formula (I). The values for the remaining variables are as described above.

In some embodiments, Y is —O—. In some embodiments, E is C₂₋₆-alkynyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀-aryl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, E is isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, bicycloheptenyl, —O-benzyl, —CH₂—S—CH₃, —CO₂t-butyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzthiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, or pyridyl. In some embodiments, E is cyclohexyl, phenyl or benzthiazolyl. In other embodiments, E is ethyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, pyrazolyl, benzodioxolyl, cyclohexenyl, thiazolyl, ethynyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, bicycloheptanyl, or benzthiazolyl. In some embodiments, E is phenyl.

Variables R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) of Formula (I)

Below are exemplary embodiments of variables R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) of the disclosed compound of Formula (I). The values for the remaining variables are as described above.

In some embodiments, R^(a) is hydrogen, methyl, or fluoro, such as hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(a) is methyl. In some embodiments, R^(b) is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, —CF₃, —OH, fluoro, or phenyl. In other embodiments, R^(b) is hydrogen, methyl, or fluoro, such as hydrogen. In some embodiments, R^(b) is methyl. In some embodiments, R^(b) is ethyl. In some embodiments, R^(b) is —CF₃.

In some embodiments, R^(c) is methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, ethynyl, butyl, t-butyl, —CF₃, fluoro, —OH, —OMe, —O-t-butyl, —O-benzyl, —CH₂—O—CH₃, —S-methyl, —S-cyclopropyl, —S-cyclopentyl, —S— bicycloheptanyl, —SO₂Me, cyclopentyl, phenyl, benzodioxolyl, indolyl, imidzolyl, or thiophenyl. In some embodiments, R^(c) is ethyl, ethynyl, t-butyl, —O-t-butyl, —O-benzyl, —S-methyl, fluoro, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl. In some embodiments, R^(c) is t-butyl, —O-benzyl, —S-methyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl. In other embodiments, R^(c) is methyl, ethyl, propyl, —CH₂F, or phenyl. In some embodiments, R^(c) is methyl or ethyl.

In some embodiments, R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, bicyclohexyl, bicycloheptyl or dihydroindenyl. R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclopentyl, bicycloheptyl, or oxiranyl. In some embodiments, In other embodiments, R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. In certain embodiments, R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a phenyl, naphthyl or bicyclooctyl.

Variables R², R⁵, and R¹⁰ of Formula (I)

Below are exemplary embodiments of variables R², R⁵, and R¹⁰ of the disclosed compound of Formula (I). The values for the remaining variables are as described above.

In some embodiments, at least one R² is fluoro, chloro, methyl, —CF₃, —OH, —OMe, —O— isopropyl, or —NH₂. In some embodiments, at least one R² is fluoro, chloro, methyl, or —OMe. In certain embodiments, at least one R² is methyl, chloro, fluoro, bromo, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —OMe, —O— propenyl, —CN or thiazolyl. In other embodiments, at least one R² is methyl, chloro, —CF₃, —CHF₂, or thiazolyl. In some embodiments, at least one R² is methyl or —CHF₂.

In some embodiments, at least one R⁵ is fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, t-butyl, —CH₂OH, —CF₃, —O—CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CN, —NO₂, —OCF₃, —CO₂Me, —S—CF₃, —SF₅, —SO₂Me, —SO₂CF₃, or phenyl. In some embodiments, at least one R⁵ is fluoro, chloro, —CF₃, —O—CF₃, —S—CF₃, —SF₅, or —SO₂Me. In some embodiments, R⁵ is chloro, bromo, —OH, —CN, —NO₂, methyl, t-butyl, —CH₂OH, —O-iPr, —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, 1-propenyl, —NH₂, —NMe₂, —CO₂Me, —S—CF₃, —SF₅, —SO₂Me, —SO₂CF₃, phenyl, cyclopropyl, 1-CF₃-cyclopropyl, or 4,4-difluorocyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is t-butyl, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —S—CF₃, or —SF₅.

In some embodiments, at least one R¹⁰ is fluoro, chloro, methyl, —CH₂—CH═CH₂, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —OMe, —O-t-butyl, —O—CF₃, —N═(NH₂)₂, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl, or phenyl. In some embodiments, at least one R¹⁰ is chloro, methyl, —CF₃, or phenyl.

Variable R¹ of Formula (I)

In some embodiments, R¹ is in the α-configuration, such that the structure of Formula (I) is that of Formula (IA):

In some embodiments, R¹ is in the β-configuration, such that the structure of Formula (I) is that of Formula (IB):

Representative compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, include the following in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Compound #

71

83

73

46

42

62

79

53

12

66

29

268

63

49

76

32

269

26

85

34

270

38

52

260

57

2

65

267

84

45

81

86

59

28

64

41

35

75

31

58

231

47

3

67

222

51

236

233

72

27

55

78

61

221

37

225

226

25

70

266

74

279

4

280

310

224

312

237

239

286

289

311

275

277

274

292

293

244

247

295

304

283

278

293

301

298

306

299

300

302

254

297

241

281

263

298

248

314

313

36

50

69

82

40

1

238

303

240

48

30

60

56

77

68

80

246

292

242

243

257

294

290

271

272

273

245

229

43

39

44

33

54

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

249

251

255

256

259

261

262

264

265

276

282

235

284

285

287

290

291

295

296

305

307

308

988

288

230

232

219

228

234

227

220

223

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is selected from the following compounds represented in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2 Compound #

84

75

222

55

74

249

239

286

277

292

296

295

244

253

298

299

302

251

241

263

255

314

36

40

303

282

246

242

257

250

283

308

310

35

67

27

78

279

237

14

280

274

293

247

304

278

301

306

300

254

297

281

298

248

313

81

1

256

290

252

243

294

245

291

309

311

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is selected from the following compounds represented in Table 3 below:

TABLE 3 Compound #

291

249

286

277

292

296

295

244

253

258

299

288

254

241

290

314

246

242

257

245

255

282

292

309

311

229

237

280

274

293

247

304

278

301

306

300

302

297

281

248

313

252

243

294

283

256

290

308

310

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is selected from the following compounds represented in Table 4 below:

TABLE 4 Compound #

279

280

292

244

249

274

292

243

294

245

308

314

286

277

293

278

288

246

242

257

250

283

309

Representative compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, include the following in Table 5:

TABLE 5 Compound #

317

94

96

213

121

190

318

319

92

93

103

91

125

323

120

324

325

104

327

99

197

87

194

123

201

214

328

180

198

112

106

109

136

332

151

179

333

115

337

338

191

205

339

341

342

343

344

345

351

352

199

353

132

182

358

359

360

146

192

187

148

119

113

207

142

366

183

215

369

370

150

134

129

155

371

135

372

131

216

154

196

202

128

126

130

209

376

377

381

382

383

384

385

391

392

393

394

395

401

402

403

220

404

408

409

171

410

176

415

416

167

10

417

9

165

174

418

139

175

421

221

422

423

424

428

168

163

429

430

184

432

433

434

435

440

441

442

443

444

450

451

452

453

454

460

461

462

463

464

470

421

472

90

204

100

98

124

122

105

89

97

23

320

321

322

102

107

200

95

326

127

101

210

152

178

217

108

158

186

161

137

329

157

330

331

85

334

335

336

110

218

117

141

211

340

346

347

348

349

350

354

355

356

357

149

361

193

195

159

162

160

362

363

364

365

181

147

367

156

368

116

145

189

153

111

114

208

373

188

203

143

374

133

212

375

144

206

378

379

380

386

387

388

389

390

396

397

398

399

400

405

140

406

166

407

411

412

413

138

414

7

177

172

22

118

419

5

223

170

420

164

425

228

426

427

169

234

173

431

16

219

185

436

437

438

439

445

446

447

448

449

455

456

457

458

459

465

466

467

468

469

473

474

475

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical preparation suitable for use in a subject, comprising any of the compounds shown above (e.g., a compound of the disclosure, such as a compound of formula (I), and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparations may be for use in treating or preventing cystic fibrosis.

Any of the disclosed compounds may be used in the manufacture of medicaments for the treatment of any diseases or conditions disclosed herein.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art of the present disclosure. The following references provide one of skill with a general definition of many of the terms used in this disclosure: Singleton et al., Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (2nd ed. 1994); The Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology (Walker ed., 1988); The Glossary of Genetics, 5th Ed., R. Rieger et al. (eds.), Springer Verlag (1991); and Hale & Marham, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology (1991). As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them below, unless specified otherwise.

In this disclosure, “comprises,” “comprising,” “containing” and “having” and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. patent law and can mean “includes,” “including,” and the like; “consisting essentially of” or “consists essentially” likewise has the meaning ascribed in U.S. patent law and the term is open-ended, allowing for the presence of more than that which is recited so long as basic or novel characteristics of that which is recited is not changed by the presence of more than that which is recited, but excludes prior art embodiments.

Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “or” is understood to be inclusive. Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the terms “a”, “an”, and “the” are understood to be singular or plural.

The term “acyl” is art-recognized and refers to a group represented by the general formula hydrocarbylC(O)—, preferably alkylC(O)—.

The term “acylamino” is art-recognized and refers to an amino group substituted with an acyl group and may be represented, for example, by the formula hydrocarbylC(O)NH—.

The term “acyloxy” is art-recognized and refers to a group represented by the general formula hydrocarbylC(O)O—, preferably alkylC(O)O—.

The term “alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group, preferably a lower alkyl group, having an oxygen attached thereto. Representative alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.

The term “alkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group and may be represented by the general formula alkyl-O-alkyl.

The term “alkenyl”, as used herein, refers to an aliphatic group containing at least one double bond and is intended to include both “unsubstituted alkenyls” and “substituted alkenyls”, the latter of which refers to alkenyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the alkenyl group. Such substituents may occur on one or more carbons that are included or not included in one or more double bonds. Moreover, such substituents include all those contemplated for alkyl groups, as discussed below, except where stability is prohibitive. For example, substitution of alkenyl groups by one or more alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups is contemplated.

An “alkyl” group or “alkane” is a straight chained or branched non-aromatic hydrocarbon which is completely saturated. Typically, a straight chained or branched alkyl group has from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 10, more preferably from 1-6. unless otherwise defined. Examples of straight chained and branched alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, pentyl and octyl. A C₁-C₆ straight chained or branched alkyl group is also referred to as a “lower alkyl” group.

Moreover, the term “alkyl” (or “lower alkyl”) as used throughout the specification, examples, and claims is intended to include both “unsubstituted alkyls” and “substituted alkyls”, the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents, if not otherwise specified, can include, for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxy, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the moieties substituted on the hydrocarbon chain can themselves be substituted, if appropriate. For instance, the substituents of a substituted alkyl may include substituted and unsubstituted forms of amino, azido, imino, amido, phosphoryl (including phosphonate and phosphinate), sulfonyl (including sulfate, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl and sulfonate), and silyl groups, as well as ethers, alkylthios, carbonyls (including ketones, aldehydes, carboxylates, and esters), —CF₃, —CN and the like. Exemplary substituted alkyls are described below. Cycloalkyls can be further substituted with alkyls, alkenyls, alkoxys, alkylthios, aminoalkyls, carbonyl-substituted alkyls, —CF₃, —CN, and the like.

The term “C_(x-y)” when used in conjunction with a chemical moiety, such as, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy is meant to include groups that contain from x to y carbons in the chain. For example, the term “C_(x-y)alkyl” refers to substituted or unsubstituted saturated hydrocarbon groups, including straight-chain alkyl and branched-chain alkyl groups that contain from x to y carbons in the chain, including haloalkyl groups such as trifluoromethyl and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, etc. C₀ alkyl indicates a hydrogen where the group is in a terminal position, a bond if internal. The terms “C_(2-y)alkenyl” and “C_(2-y)alkynyl” refer to substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.

The term “alkylamino”, as used herein, refers to an amino group substituted with at least one alkyl group.

The term “alkylthio”, as used herein, refers to a thiol group substituted with an alkyl group and may be represented by the general formula alkylS—.

The term “haloalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen has been replaced with a halogen, such as fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. Exemplary haloalkyl groups include trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl.

The term “alkynyl”, as used herein, refers to an aliphatic group containing at least one triple bond and is intended to include both “unsubstituted alkynyls” and “substituted alkynyls”, the latter of which refers to alkynyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the alkynyl group. Such substituents may occur on one or more carbons that are included or not included in one or more triple bonds. Moreover, such substituents include all those contemplated for alkyl groups, as discussed above, except where stability is prohibitive.

For example, substitution of alkynyl groups by one or more alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups is contemplated.

The term “amide”, as used herein, refers to a group

wherein each R¹⁰ independently represents a hydrogen or hydrocarbyl group, or two R¹⁰ are taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure.

The terms “amine” and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to both unsubstituted and substituted amines and salts thereof, e.g., a moiety that can be represented by

wherein each R¹⁰ independently represents a hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, or two R¹⁰ are taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure. The term “aminoalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with an amino group.

The term “aralkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.

The term “aryl” as used herein include substituted or unsubstituted single-ring aromatic groups in which each atom of the ring is carbon. Preferably, the ring is a 5- to 7-membered ring, more preferably a 6-membered ring. The term “aryl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls. Aryl groups include benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, phenol, aniline, and the like.

The term “carbamate” is art-recognized and refers to a group

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently represent hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, such as an alkyl group, or R⁹ and R¹⁰ taken together with the intervening atom(s) complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure.

The terms “carbocycle”, and “carbocyclic”, as used herein, refers to a saturated or unsaturated ring in which each atom of the ring is carbon. The term carbocycle includes both aromatic carbocycles and non-aromatic carbocycles. Non-aromatic carbocycles include both cycloalkane rings, in which all carbon atoms are saturated, and cycloalkene rings, which contain at least one double bond.

The term “carbocycle” includes 5-7 membered monocyclic and 8-12 membered bicyclic rings. Each ring of a bicyclic carbocycle may be selected from saturated, unsaturated and aromatic rings. Carbocycle includes bicyclic molecules in which one, two or three or more atoms are shared between the two rings. The term “fused carbocycle” refers to a bicyclic carbocycle in which each of the rings shares two adjacent atoms with the other ring. Each ring of a fused carbocycle may be selected from saturated, unsaturated and aromatic rings. In an exemplary embodiment, an aromatic ring, e.g., phenyl, may be fused to a saturated or unsaturated ring, e.g., cyclohexane, cyclopentane, or cyclohexene. Any combination of saturated, unsaturated and aromatic bicyclic rings, as valence permits, is included in the definition of carbocyclic. Exemplary “carbocycles” include cyclopentane, cyclohexane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-3-ene, naphthalene and adamantane. Exemplary fused carbocycles include decalin, naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, bicyclo[4.2.0]octane, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indene and bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene. “Carbocycles” may be substituted at any one or more positions capable of bearing a hydrogen atom.

A “cycloalkyl” group is a cyclic hydrocarbon which is completely saturated. “Cycloalkyl” includes monocyclic and bicyclic rings. Typically, a monocyclic cycloalkyl group has from 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, more typically 3 to 8 carbon atoms unless otherwise defined. The second ring of a bicyclic cycloalkyl may be selected from saturated, unsaturated and aromatic rings. Cycloalkyl includes bicyclic molecules in which one, two or three or more atoms are shared between the two rings. The term “fused cycloalkyl” refers to a bicyclic cycloalkyl in which each of the rings shares two adjacent atoms with the other ring. The second ring of a fused bicyclic cycloalkyl may be selected from saturated, unsaturated and aromatic rings.

A “cycloalkenyl” group is a cyclic hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds. The cycloalkenyl ring may have 3 to 10 carbon atoms. As such, cycloalkenyl groups can be monocyclic or multicyclic. Individual rings of such multicyclic cycloalkenyl groups can have different connectivities, e.g., fused, bridged, spiro, etc. in addition to covalent bond substitution.

Exemplary cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, 1,3-cyclohexadienyl, 1,4-cyclohexadienyl and 1,5-cyclooctadienyl.

Exemplary cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, octahydro-pentalenyl, spiro[4.5]decanyl, cyclopropyl, and adamantyl.

The term “carbocyclylalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a carbocycle group.

The term “carbonate” is art-recognized and refers to a group —OCO₂—R¹⁰, wherein R¹⁰ represents a hydrocarbyl group.

The term “carboxy”, as used herein, refers to a group represented by the formula —CO₂H.

The term “ester”, as used herein, refers to a group —C(O)OR¹⁰ wherein R¹⁰ represents a hydrocarbyl group.

The term “ether”, as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbyl group linked through an oxygen to another hydrocarbyl group. Accordingly, an ether substituent of a hydrocarbyl group may be hydrocarbyl-O—. Ethers may be either symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Examples of ethers include, but are not limited to, heterocycle-O-heterocycle and aryl-O-heterocycle. Ethers include “alkoxyalkyl” groups, which may be represented by the general formula alkyl-O-alkyl.

The terms “halo” and “halogen” as used herein means halogen and includes chloro, fluoro, bromo, and iodo.

The terms “hetaralkyl” and “heteroaralkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a hetaryl group.

The term “heteroalkyl”, as used herein, refers to a saturated or unsaturated chain of carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, wherein no two heteroatoms are adjacent.

The terms “heteroaryl” and “hetaryl” include substituted or unsubstituted aromatic single ring structures, preferably 3- to 10-membered rings, more preferably 5- to 9-membered rings, whose ring structures include at least one heteroatom, preferably one to four heteroatoms, more preferably one or two heteroatoms. The terms “heteroaryl” and “hetaryl” also include polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls. Heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, and the like.

Individual rings of such multicyclic heteroaryl groups can have different connectivities, e.g., fused, etc. in addition to covalent bond substitution. Exemplary heteroaryl groups include furyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, 1,3,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-[1]pyrindinyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinolin-3-yl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thianaphthenyl, isothianaphthenyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl and benzoxazinyl, etc. In general, the heteroaryl group typically is attached to the main structure via a carbon atom.

The term “heteroatom” as used herein means an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

The terms “heterocyclyl”, “heterocycle”, and “heterocyclic” refer to substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic ring structures, preferably 3- to 10-membered rings, more preferably 3- to 7-membered rings, whose ring structures include at least one heteroatom, preferably one to four heteroatoms, more preferably one or two heteroatoms. The terms “heterocyclyl” and “heterocyclic” also include polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is heterocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls. Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, lactones, lactams, and the like.

Individual rings of such multicyclic heterocycloalkyl groups can have different connectivities, e.g., fused, bridged, spiro, etc. in addition to covalent bond substitution. Exemplary heterocycloalkyl groups include pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, azindinyl, azetidinyl, oxiranyl, methylenedioxyl, chromenyl, barbituryl, isoxazolidinyl, 1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl, isothiazolidinyl, 1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl, 1,2-pyrazolidin-2-yl, 1,3-pyrazolidin-1-yl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,2-tetrahydrothiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrothiazin-3-yl, tetrahydrothiadiazinyl, morpholinyl, 1,2-tetrahydrodiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrodiazin-1-yl, tetrahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperizin-2-onyl, piperizin-3-onyl, chromanyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 2-imidazolidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, octahydro-2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl 2-azaspiro[4.4]nonanyl, 7-oxa-1-aza-spiro[4.4]nonanyl, 7-azabicyclo[2.2.2]heptanyl, octahydro-1H-indolyl, etc. In general, the heterocycloalkyl group typically is attached to the main structure via a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom.

The term “heterocyclylalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a heterocycle group.

The term “hydrocarbyl”, as used herein, refers to a group that is bonded through a carbon atom that does not have a ═O or ═S substituent, and typically has at least one carbon-hydrogen bond and a primarily carbon backbone, but may optionally include heteroatoms. Thus, groups like methyl, ethoxyethyl, 2-pyridyl, and trifluoromethyl are considered to be hydrocarbyl for the purposes of this application, but substituents such as acetyl (which has a ═O substituent on the linking carbon) and ethoxy (which is linked through oxygen, not carbon) are not. Hydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to aryl, heteroaryl, carbocycle, heterocyclyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and combinations thereof.

The term “hydroxyalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a hydroxy group.

The term “lower” when used in conjunction with a chemical moiety, such as, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy is meant to include groups where there are ten or fewer non-hydrogen atoms in the substituent, preferably six or fewer. A “lower alkyl”, for example, refers to an alkyl group that contains ten or fewer carbon atoms, preferably six or fewer. In certain embodiments, acyl, acyloxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkoxy substituents defined herein are respectively lower acyl, lower acyloxy, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, or lower alkoxy, whether they appear alone or in combination with other substituents, such as in the recitations hydroxyalkyl and aralkyl (in which case, for example, the atoms within the aryl group are not counted when counting the carbon atoms in the alkyl substituent).

The terms “polycyclyl”, “polycycle”, and “polycyclic” refer to two or more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more atoms are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings”. Each of the rings of the polycycle can be substituted or unsubstituted. In certain embodiments, each ring of the polycycle contains from 3 to 10 atoms in the ring, preferably from 5 to 7.

The term “silyl” refers to a silicon moiety with three hydrocarbyl moieties attached thereto.

The term “substituted” refers to moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the backbone. It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromatic substituents of organic compounds. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. Substituents can include any substituents described herein, for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxy, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that substituents can themselves be substituted, if appropriate. Unless specifically stated as “unsubstituted,” references to chemical moieties herein are understood to include substituted variants. For example, reference to an “aryl” group or moiety implicitly includes both substituted and unsubstituted variants.

The term “sulfate” is art-recognized and refers to the group —OSO₃H, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The term “sulfonamide” is art-recognized and refers to the group represented by the general formulae

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently represents hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, such as alkyl, or R⁹ and R¹⁰ taken together with the intervening atom(s) complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure.

The term “sulfoxide” is art-recognized and refers to the group —S(O)—R¹⁰, wherein R¹⁰ represents a hydrocarbyl.

The term “sulfonate” is art-recognized and refers to the group SO₃H, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The term “sulfone” is art-recognized and refers to the group —S(O)₂—R¹⁰, wherein R¹⁰ represents a hydrocarbyl.

The term “thioalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with a thiol group.

The term “thioester”, as used herein, refers to a group —C(O)SR¹⁰ or —SC(O)R¹⁰ wherein R¹⁰ represents a hydrocarbyl.

The term “thioether”, as used herein, is equivalent to an ether, wherein the oxygen is replaced with a sulfur.

The term “urea” is art-recognized and may be represented by the general formula

wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently represent hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl, such as alkyl, or either occurrence of R⁹ taken together with R¹⁰ and the intervening atom(s) complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure.

The term “protecting group” refers to a group of atoms that, when attached to a reactive functional group in a molecule, mask, reduce or prevent the reactivity of the functional group. Typically, a protecting group may be selectively removed as desired during the course of a synthesis. Examples of protecting groups can be found in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, 3^(rd) Ed., 1999, John Wiley & Sons, NY and Harrison et al., Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods, Vols. 1-8, 1971-1996, John Wiley & Sons, NY. Representative nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBZ”), tert-butoxycarbonyl (“Boc”), trimethylsilyl (“TMS”), 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl (“TES”), trityl and substituted trityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (“FMOC”), nitro-veratryloxycarbonyl (“NVOC”) and the like. Representative hydroxyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, those where the hydroxyl group is either acylated (esterified) or alkylated such as benzyl and trityl ethers, as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkylsilyl ethers (e.g., TMS or TIPS groups), glycol ethers, such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol derivatives and allyl ethers.

The disclosure also includes various isomers and mixtures thereof. Certain of the compounds of the present disclosure may exist in various stereoisomeric forms. Stereoisomers are compounds which differ only in their spatial arrangement. Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers whose mirror images are not superimposable, most commonly because they contain an asymmetrically substituted carbon atom that acts as a chiral center. “Enantiomer” means one of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not related as mirror images, most commonly because they contain two or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms. “R” and “S” represent the configuration of substituents around one or more chiral carbon atoms. When a chiral center is not defined as R or S, either a pure enantiomer or a mixture of both configurations is present.

“Racemate” or “racemic mixture” means a compound of equimolar quantities of two enantiomers, wherein such mixtures exhibit no optical activity; i.e., they do not rotate the plane of polarized light. In certain embodiments, compounds of the disclosure may be racemic.

In certain embodiments, compounds of the disclosure may be enriched in one enantiomer. For example, a compound of the disclosure may have greater than about 30% ee, about 40% ee, about 50% ee, about 60% ee, about 70% ee, about 80% ee, about 90% ee, or even about 95% or greater ee. In certain embodiments, compounds of the disclosure may have more than one stereocenter. In certain such embodiments, compounds of the disclosure may be enriched in one or more diastereomer. For example, a compound of the disclosure may have greater than about 30% de, about 40% de, about 50% de, about 60% de, about 70% de, about 80% de, about 90% de, or even about 95% or greater de.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic preparation may be enriched to provide predominantly one enantiomer of a compound (e.g., of Formula (I)). An enantiomerically enriched mixture may comprise, for example, at least about 60 mol percent of one enantiomer, or more preferably at least about 75, about 90, about 95, or even about 99 mol percent. In certain embodiments, the compound enriched in one enantiomer is substantially free of the other enantiomer, wherein substantially free means that the substance in question makes up less than about 10%, or less than about 5%, or less than about 4%, or less than about 3%, or less than about 2%, or less than about 1% as compared to the amount of the other enantiomer, e.g., in the composition or compound mixture. For example, if a composition or compound mixture contains about 98 grams of a first enantiomer and about 2 grams of a second enantiomer, it would be said to contain about 98 mol percent of the first enantiomer and only about 2% of the second enantiomer.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic preparation may be enriched to provide predominantly one diastereomer of a compound (e.g., of Formula (I)). A diastereomerically enriched mixture may comprise, for example, at least about 60 mol percent of one diastereomer, or more preferably at least about 75, about 90, about 95, or even about 99 mol percent.

The compounds of the disclosure may be prepared as individual isomers by either isomer specific synthesis or resolved from an isomeric mixture. Conventional resolution techniques include forming the salt of a free base of each isomer of an isomeric pair using an optically active acid (followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base), forming the salt of the acid form of each isomer of an isomeric pair using an optically active amine (followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free acid), forming an ester or amide of each of the isomers of an isomeric pair using an optically pure acid, amine or alcohol (followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary), or resolving an isomeric mixture of either a starting material or a final product using various well known chromatographic methods.

When the stereochemistry of a disclosed compound is named or depicted by structure, the named or depicted stereoisomer is at least about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 99% or about 99.9% by weight pure relative to the other stereoisomers. When a single enantiomer is named or depicted by structure, the depicted or named enantiomer is at least about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 99% or about 99.9% by weight optically pure. Percent optical purity by weight is the ratio of the weight of the enantiomer that is present divided by the combined weight of the enantiomer that is present and the weight of its optical isomer.

In the pictorial representation of the compounds given through this application, a thickened tapered line (

) indicates a substituent which is above the plane of the ring to which the asymmetric carbon belongs and a dotted line (

) indicates a substituent which is below the plane of the ring to which the asymmetric carbon belongs.

As used herein a compound of the present disclosure can be in the form of one of the possible isomers, rotamers, atropisomers, tautomers or mixtures thereof, for example, as substantially pure geometric (cis or trans) isomers, diastereomers, optical isomers (antipodes), racemates or mixtures thereof.

An isotope-labelled form of a disclosed compound has one or more atoms of the compound replaced by an atom or atoms having an atomic mass or mass number different that which usually occurs in greater natural abundance. Examples of isotopes which are readily commercially available and which can be incorporated into a disclosed compound by well-known methods include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine and chlorine, for example, 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 180, 170, 31P, 32P, 35S, 18F and 36C1, respectively. An isotope-labelled compound provided herein can usually be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed herein, replacing a non-isotope-labelled reactant by an isotope-labelled reactant.

The concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically deuterium, may be defined by the isotopic enrichment factor. The term “isotopic enrichment factor” as used herein means the ratio between the isotopic abundance and the natural abundance of a specified isotope. If a hydrogen atom in a compound of this disclosure is replaced with deuterium, such compound has an isotopic enrichment factor for each designated deuterium atom of at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation at each designated deuterium atom), at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation), at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 5000 (75% deuterium incorporation), at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation), at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation), or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation).

An isotope-labelled compound as provided herein can be used in a number of beneficial ways. Compounds having 14C incorporated are suitable for medicament and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritium (3H) and carbon-14 (14C), are preferred isotopes owing to simple preparation and excellent detectability. Heavier isotopes, for example deuterium (2H), has therapeutic advantages owing to the higher metabolic stability. Metabolism is affected by the primary kinetic isotope effect, in which the heavier isotope has a lower ground state energy and causes a reduction in the rate-limiting bond breakage. Slowing the metabolism can lead to an increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements or an improvement in therapeutic index.

For a further discussion, see S. L. Harbeson and R. D. Tung, Deuterium In Drug Discovery and Development, Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 403-417, Foster, A. B., “Deuterium Isotope Effects in Studies of Drug Metabolism,” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 5: 524-527 (1984) AND Foster, A. B., “Deuterium Isotope Effects in the Metabolism of Drugs and Xenobiotics: Implications for Drug Design,” Advances in Drug Research, 14: 1-40 (1985).

Metabolic stability can be affected by the compound's processing in different organs of the body. For example, compounds with poor pharmacokinetic profiles are susceptible to oxidative metabolism. In vitro liver microsomal assays currently available provide valuable information on the course of oxidative metabolism of this type, which in turn assists in the rational design of deuterated compounds as disclosed herein. Improvements can be measured in a number of assays known in the art, such as increases in the in vivo half-life (t1/2), concentration at maximum therapeutic effect (Cmax), area under the dose response curve (AUC), and bioavailability; and in terms of reduced clearance, dose and materials costs.

Another effect of deuterated compounds can be diminishing or eliminating undesired toxic metabolites. For example, if a toxic metabolite arises through oxidative carbon-hydrogen (C—H) bond cleavage, the deuterated analogue will have a slower reaction time and slow the production of the unwanted metabolite, even if the particular oxidation is not a rate-determining step. See, e.g., Hanzlik et al., J. Org. Chem. 55, 3992-3997, 1990, Reider et al., J. Org. Chem. 52, 3326-3334, 1987, Foster, Adv. Drug Res. 14, 1-40, 1985, Gillette et al, Biochemistry 33(10) 2927-2937, 1994, and Jarman et al. Carcinogenesis 16(4), 683-688, 1993.

The term “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (i.e., a male or female of any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g., infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle-aged adult or senior adult)) and/or other primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys); mammals, including commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, cats, and/or dogs; and/or birds, including commercially relevant birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, quail, and/or turkeys. Preferred subjects are humans.

As used herein, a therapeutic that “prevents” a disorder or condition refers to a compound that, in a statistical sample, reduces the occurrence of the disorder or condition in the treated sample relative to an untreated control sample, or delays the onset or reduces the severity of one or more symptoms of the disorder or condition relative to the untreated control sample.

The term “treating” means to decrease, suppress, attenuate, diminish, arrest, or stabilize the development or progression of a disease (e.g., a disease or disorder delineated herein), lessen the severity of the disease or improve the symptoms associated with the disease. Treatment includes treating a symptom of a disease, disorder or condition. Without being bound by any theory, in some embodiments, treating includes augmenting deficient CFTR activity. If it is administered prior to clinical manifestation of the unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the subject) then the treatment is prophylactic (i.e., it protects the subject against developing the unwanted condition), whereas if it is administered after manifestation of the unwanted condition, the treatment is therapeutic, (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate, or stabilize the existing unwanted condition or side effects thereof).

As used herein, the term “prodrug” means a pharmacological derivative of a parent drug molecule that requires biotransformation, either spontaneous or enzymatic, within the organism to release the active drug. For example, prodrugs are variations or derivatives of the compounds of the disclosure that have groups cleavable under certain metabolic conditions, which when cleaved, become the compounds of the disclosure. Such prodrugs then are pharmaceutically active in vivo, when they undergo solvolysis under physiological conditions or undergo enzymatic degradation. Prodrug compounds herein may be called single, double, triple, etc., depending on the number of biotransformation steps required to release the active drug within the organism, and the number of functionalities present in a precursor-type form. Prodrug forms often offer advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in the mammalian organism (See, Bundgard, Design of Prodrugs, pp. 7-9, 21-24, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985 and Silverman, The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, pp. 352-401, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1992). Prodrugs commonly known in the art include well-known acid derivatives, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acids with a suitable alcohol, amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with an amine, basic groups reacted to form an acylated base derivative, etc. Of course, other prodrug derivatives may be combined with other features disclosed herein to enhance bioavailability.

As such, those of skill in the art will appreciate that certain of the presently disclosed compounds having free amino, amido, hydroxy or carboxylic groups can be converted into prodrugs. Prodrugs include compounds having an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) amino acid residues which are covalently joined through peptide bonds to free amino, hydroxy or carboxylic acid groups of the presently disclosed compounds. The amino acid residues include the 20 naturally occurring amino acids commonly designated by three letter symbols and also include 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3-methylhistidine, norvalin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrullinehomocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone. Prodrugs also include compounds having a carbonate, carbamate, amide or alkyl ester moiety covalently bonded to any of the above substituents disclosed herein.

A “therapeutically effective amount”, as used herein refers to an amount that is sufficient to achieve a desired therapeutic effect. For example, a therapeutically effective amount can refer to an amount that is sufficient to improve at least one sign or symptom of cystic fibrosis.

A “response” to a method of treatment can include a decrease in or amelioration of negative symptoms, a decrease in the progression of a disease or symptoms thereof, an increase in beneficial symptoms or clinical outcomes, a lessening of side effects, stabilization of disease, partial or complete remedy of disease, among others.

As used herein, “CFTR” means cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Defects in the function of the CFTR ion channel result from loss of function mutations of CFTR. Such mutations lead to exocrine gland dysfunction, abnormal mucociliary clearance, and cause cystic fibrosis. The most common CFTR mutation in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients leads to the specific deletion of three nucleotides of the codon for phenylalanine at position 508. This mutation, which is found in ˜70% of CF patients worldwide, is referred to as “ΔF508”. The ΔF508 mutation decreases the stability of the CFTR NBD1 domain and limits CFTR interdomain assembly. Since CF is an autosomal recessive disease, a CF patient harboring the ΔF508 CFTR mutation must also carry a second defective copy of CFTR. Approximately 2000 different CF-causing CFTR mutations have been identified in CF patients. CF patients harboring the ΔF508 CFTR mutation can be homozygous for that mutation (ΔF508/ΔF508). CF patients can also be ΔF508 heterozygous, if the second CFTR allele such patients carry instead contains a different CFTR loss of function mutation. Such CFTR mutations include, but are not limited to, G542X, G551D, N1303K, W1282X, R553X, R117H, R1162X, R347P, G85E, R560T, A455E, A1507, G178R, S549N, S549R, G551S, G970R, G1244E, 51251N, 51255P, and G1349D.

As used herein, the term “CFTR modulator” refers to a compound that increases the activity of CFTR. In certain aspects, a CFTR modulator is a CFTR corrector or a CFTR potentiator or a dual-acting compound having activities of a corrector and a potentiator. These dual acting agents are useful when the mutations result in absence or reduced amount of synthesized CFTR protein.

As used herein, the term “CFTR corrector” refers to a compound that increases the amount of functional CFTR protein at the cell surface, thus enhancing ion transport through CFTR. CFTR correctors partially “rescue” misfolding of CFTR protein, particularly such misfolding that results from mutations within CFTR, thereby permitting CFTR maturation and functional expression on the cell surface. CFTR correctors may modify the folding environment of the cell in a way that promotes CFTR folding, and include compounds that interact directly with CFTR protein to modify its folding, conformational maturation or stability. Examples of correctors include, but are not limited to, VX-809, VX-661, VX-152, VX-440, VX-445, VX-659, VX-121, VX-983, compounds described in US20190248809A1, GLPG2222, GLPG2737, GLPG3221, GLPG2851, FDL169, FDL304, FD2052160, FD2035659, and PTI-801.

As used herein, the term “CFTR potentiator” refers to a compound that increases the ion channel activity of CFTR protein located at the cell surface, resulting in enhanced ion transport. CFTR potentiators restore the defective channel functions that results from CFTR mutations, or that otherwise increase the activity of CFTR at the cell surface. Examples of potentiators include, but are not limited to, ivacaftor (VX770), deuterated ivacaftor (CPT 656, VX-561), PTI-808, QBW251, GLPG1837, GLPG2451, ABBV-3067, ABBV-974, ABBV-191, FDL176, and genistein.

As used herein, “CFTR disease or condition” refers to a disease or condition associated with deficient CFTR activity, for example, cystic fibrosis, congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD), acute, recurrent, or chronic pancreatitis, disseminated bronchiectasis, asthma, allergic pulmonary aspergillosis, congenital pneumonia, intestinal malabsorption, celiac disease, nasal polyposis, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, pancreatic steatorrhea, intestinal atresia, smoking-related lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rhinosinusitis, dry eye disease, protein C deficiency, A.beta.-lipoproteinemia, lysosomal storage disease, type 1 chylomicronemia, mild pulmonary disease, lipid processing deficiencies, type 1 hereditary angioedema, coagulation-fibrinolyis, hereditary hemochromatosis, CFTR-related metabolic syndrome, chronic bronchitis, constipation, pancreatic insufficiency, hereditary emphysema, and Sjogren's syndrome.

Methods of Use

Disclosed herein are methods of treating deficient CFTR activity in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, contacting the cell occurs in a subject in need thereof, thereby treating a disease or disorder mediated by deficient CFTR activity.

Also, disclosed herein are methods of treating a disease or a disorder mediated by deficient CFTR activity comprising administering a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal, preferably a human. In some embodiments, the disease is associated with the regulation of fluid volumes across epithelial membranes, particularly an obstructive airway disease such as CF or COPD.

Such diseases and conditions include, but are not limited to, cystic fibrosis, asthma, smoke induced COPD, chronic bronchitis, rhinosinusitis, constipation, pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, male infertility caused by congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), mild pulmonary disease, idiopathic pancreatitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), congenital pneumonia, intestinal malabsorption, celiac disease, nasal polyposis, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, pancreatic steatorrhea, intestinal atresia, rhinosinusitis, liver disease, hereditary emphysema, hereditary hemochromatosis, coagulation-fibrinolysis deficiencies, protein C deficiency, Type 1 hereditary angioedema, lipid processing deficiencies, familial hypercholesterolemia, Type 1 chylomicronemia, abetalipoproteinemia, lysosomal storage diseases, I-cell disease/pseudo-Hurler, mucopolysaccharidoses, Sandhoff/Tay-Sachs, Crigler-Najjar type II, polyendocrinopathy/hyperinsulemia, Diabetes mellitus, Laron dwarfism, myleoperoxidase deficiency, primary hypoparathyroidism, melanoma, glycanosis CDG type 1, congenital hyperthyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, hereditary hypofibrinogenemia, ACT deficiency, Diabetes insipidus (DI), neurophyseal DI, neprogenic DI, Charcot-Marie Tooth syndrome, Perlizaeus-Merzbacher disease, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick's disease, several polyglutamine neurological disorders, Huntington's, spinocerebullar ataxia type I, spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, dentatorubal pallidoluysian, myotonic dystrophy, spongiform encephalopathies, hereditary Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Fabry disease, Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, COPD, dry-eye disease, Sjogren's disease, Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, bone healing and bone growth, bone repair, bone regeneration, reducing bone resorption, increasing bone deposition, Gorham's Syndrome, chloride channelopathies, myotonia congenita, Bartter's syndrome type III, Dent's disease, hyperekplexia, epilepsy, hyperekplexia, lysosomal storage disease, Angelman syndrome, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD), PCD with situs inversus, PCD without situs inversus and ciliary aplasia.

Such diseases and conditions include, but are not limited to, cystic fibrosis, congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD), acute, recurrent, or chronic pancreatitis, disseminated bronchiectasis, asthma, allergic pulmonary aspergillosis, congenital pneumonia, intestinal malabsorption, celiac disease, nasal polyposis, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, pancreatic steatorrhea, intestinal atresia, smoking-related lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rhinosinusitis, dry eye disease, protein C deficiency, A.beta.-lipoproteinemia, lysosomal storage disease, type 1 chylomicronemia, mild pulmonary disease, lipid processing deficiencies, type 1 hereditary angioedema, coagulation-fibrinolyis, hereditary hemochromatosis, CFTR-related metabolic syndrome, chronic bronchitis, constipation, pancreatic insufficiency, hereditary emphysema, and Sjogren's syndrome. In some embodiments, the disease is cystic fibrosis.

Provided herein are methods of treating cystic fibrosis or a symptom thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a compound as disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Also provided herein are methods of lessening the severity of cystic fibrosis or a symptom thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a compound as disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is at risk of developing cystic fibrosis, and administration is carried out prior to the onset of symptoms of cystic fibrosis in the subject.

Provided herein are compounds as disclosed herein for use in treating a disease or condition mediated by deficient CFTR activity. Also provided herein are uses of a compound as disclosed herein for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or condition mediated by deficient CFTR activity.

The compounds and methods described herein can be used to treat subjects who have deficient CFTR activity and harbor CFTR mutations like ΔF508. The ΔF508 mutation impedes normal CFTR folding, stability, trafficking, and function by decreasing the stability of CFTR's NBD1 domain, the competency of CFTR domain-domain assembly, or both. Due their impact on the ICL4 interface, a CFTR corrector with an ICL4-directed mechanism can be effective in subjects harboring the following mutations: ΔF508-CFTR (>70% of all CF patients harbor at least one copy) and mutations that cause ICL4 interface instability for example: G85E, H139R, H1054D, L1065P, L1077P, R1066C and other CFTR mutations where ICL4 interface stability is compromised.

Provided herein are kits for use in measuring the activity of CFTR or a fragment thereof in a biological sample in vitro or in vivo. The kit can contain: (i) a compound as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the disclosed compound, and (ii) instructions for: a) contacting the compound or composition with the biological sample; and b) measuring activity of said CFTR or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the biological sample is biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, other body fluids, or extracts thereof. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human.

Combination Treatments

As used herein, the term “combination therapy” means administering to a subject (e.g., human) two or more CFTR modulators, or a CFTR modulator and an agent such as antibiotics, ENaC inhibitors, GSNO (S-nitrosothiol s-nitroglutanthione) reductase inhibitors, and a CRISPR Cas correction therapy or system (as described in US 2007/0022507 and the like).

In certain embodiments, the method of treating or preventing a disease or condition mediated by deficient CFTR activity comprises administering a compound as disclosed herein conjointly with one or more other therapeutic agent(s). In some embodiments, one other therapeutic agent is administered. In other embodiments, at least two other therapeutic agents are administered.

Additional therapeutic agents include, for example, ENaC inhibitors, mucolytic agents, bronchodilators, antibiotics, anti-infective agents, anti-inflammatory agents, ion channel modulating agents, modulators of mucus rheology, therapeutic agents used in gene or mRNA therapy, agents that reduce airway surface liquid and/or reduce airway surface PH, CFTR correctors, and CFTR potentiators, or other agents that modulate CFTR activity. Other therapeutics include liposomal composition components such as those described in WO2012/170889, hybrid oligonucleotides that facilitate RNA cleavage such as those described in WO2016/130943, and single stranded oligonucleotides that modulate gene expression as described in WO2016/130929.

In some embodiments, at least one additional therapeutic agent is selected from one or more CFTR modulators, one or more CFTR correctors and one or more CFTR potentiators.

Non-limiting examples of additional CFTR modulators, correctors and potentiators include VX-770 (Ivacaftor), VX-809 (Lumacaftor, 3-(6-(I-(2,2-5 difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl) benzoic acid, VX-661 (Tezacaftor, I-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-[I-[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl]-6-fluoro-2-(2-hydroxy-1, I-dimethylethyl)-IH-indol-5-yl]-cyclopropanecarboxamide), VX-983, VX-152, VX-440, VX-445, VX-659, VX-371, VX-121, Orkambi, compounds described in US20190248809A1, Ataluren (PTC 124) (3-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid), PTI-130 (Proteostasis), PTI-801, PTI-808, PTI-428, N91115.74 (cavosonstat), QBW251 (Novartis) compounds described in WO2011113894, compounds N30 Pharmaceuticals (e.g., WO 2014/186704), deuterated ivacaftor (e.g., CTP-656 or VX-561), GLPG2222, GLPG3221, GLPG2451, GLPG3067, GLPG2851, GLPG2737, GLPG1837 (N-(3-carbamoyl-5,5,7,7-tetramethyl-5,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide), GLPG2665 (Galapagos), ABBV-191 (Abbvie), ABBV-974, FDL 169 (Flatley Discovery lab), FDL176, FDL438, FDL304, FD2052160, FD1881042, FD2027304, FD2035659, FD2033129, FD1860293, CFFT-Pot01, CFFT-Pot-02, P-1037, glycerol, phenylbutyrate, and the like.

Non-limiting examples of anti-inflammatory agents are N6022 (3-(5-(4-(IH-imidazol-I-yl)10 phenyl)-I-(4-carbamoyl-2-methylphenyl)-′H-pyrrol-2-yl) propanoic acid), Ibuprofen, Lenabasum (anabasum), Acebilustat (CTX-4430), LAU-7b, POL6014, docosahexaenoic acid, alpha-1 anti-trypsin, sildenafil. Additional therapeutic agents also include, but are not limited to a mucolytic agent, a modifier of mucus rheology (such as hypertonic saline, mannitol, and oligosaccharide based therapy), a bronchodilator, an anti-infective (such as tazobactam, piperacillin, rifampin, meropenum, ceftazidime, aztreonam, tobramycin, fosfomycin, azithromycin, vancomycin, gallium and colistin), an anti-infective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, a CFTR modulator other than a compound of the present disclosure, and a nutritional agent. Additional therapeutic agents can include treatments for comorbid conditions of cystic fibrosis, such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency which can be treated with PIcrelipase or Liprotamase.

Examples of CFTR potentiators include, but are not limited to, Ivacaftor (VX-770), CTP-656, NVS-QBW251, PTI-808. ABBV-3067. ABBV-974, ABBV-191, FDL176, FD1860293, GLPG2451, GLPG837, and N-(3-carbamoyl-5,5,7,7-tetramethyl-5,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide. Examples of potentiators are also disclosed in publications: WO2005120497, WO2008147952, WO2009076593, WO2010048573, WO2006002421, WO2008147952, WO2011072241, WO2011113894, WO2013038373, WO2013038378, WO2013038381, WO2013038386, WO2013038390, WO2014180562, WO2015018823, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 14/271,080, 14/451,619 and 15/164,317.

Non-limiting examples of correctors include Lumacaftor (V % X-809), 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-{1-[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl]-6-fluor-2-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indol-5-yl}cyclopropane carboxamide (VX-661), VX-983, GLPG22222, GLPC2665, GLPG2737, GLPG3221, GLPG2851, VX-152, VX-440, VX-121, VX-445, VX-659, compounds described in 1S20190248809A1, PH-801, FDL169, FDL304, FD2052160, and FD2035659. Examples of correctors are also disclosed in US20160095858A1, and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 14/925,649 and 14/926,727.

In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is a CFTR amplifier. CFTR amplifiers enhance the effect of known CFTR modulators, such as potentiators and correctors. Examples of CFTR amplifier include PTI130 and PTI-428. Examples of amplifiers are also disclosed in publications: WO2015138909 and WO2015138934.

In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an agent that reduces the activity of the epithelial sodium channel blocker (ENaC) either directly by blocking the channel or indirectly by modulation of proteases that lead to an increase in ENaC activity (e.g. serine proteases, channel-activating proteases). Exemplary of such agents include camostat (a trypsin-like protease inhibitor), QAU145, 552-02, ETD001, GS-9411, INO-4995, Aerolytic, amiloride, AZD5634, and VX-371. Additional agents that reduce the activity of the epithelial sodium channel blocker (ENaC) can be found, for example, in PCI Publication No. WO2009074575 and WO2013043720; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,999,976.

In one embodiment, the ENaC inhibitor is VX-371.

In one embodiment, the ENaC inhibitor is SPX-101 (S18).

In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an agent that modulates the activity of the non-CFTR Cl-channel TMEM16A. Non-limiting examples of such agents include TMEM16A activators, denufosol, Melittin, Cinnamaldehyde, 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-(4-phenyl-2-thiazolyl)benzamide, INO-995, CLCA1, ETX001, ETD002 and phosphatidylinositol diC8-PIP2, and TMEM16A inhibitors, 10 bm, Arctigenin, dehydroandrographolide, Ani9, Niclosamide, and benzbromnrone.

In certain embodiments, the combination of a compound of Formula (I), with a second therapeutic agent may have a synergistic effect in the treatment of cancer and other diseases or disorders mediated by adenosine. In other embodiments, the combination may have an additive effect.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The compositions and methods of the present disclosure may be utilized to treat a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the subject is a mammal such as a human, or a non-human mammal. When administered to subject, such as a human, the composition or the compound is preferably administered as a pharmaceutical composition comprising, for example, a compound of the disclosure and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art and include, for example, aqueous solutions such as water or physiologically buffered saline or other solvents or vehicles such as glycols, glycerol, oils such as olive oil, or injectable organic esters. In a preferred embodiment, when such pharmaceutical compositions are for human administration, particularly for invasive routes of administration (i.e., routes, such as injection or implantation, that circumvent transport or diffusion through an epithelial barrier), the aqueous solution is pyrogen-free, or substantially pyrogen-free. The excipients can be chosen, for example, to effect delayed release of an agent or to selectively target one or more cells, tissues or organs. The pharmaceutical composition can be in dosage unit form such as tablet, capsule (including sprinkle capsule and gelatin capsule), granule, lyophile for reconstitution, powder, solution, syrup, suppository, injection or the like. The composition can also be present in a transdermal delivery system, e.g., a skin patch. The composition can also be present in a solution suitable for topical administration, such as an eye drop.

A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can contain physiologically acceptable agents that act, for example, to stabilize, increase solubility or to increase the absorption of a compound such as a compound of the disclosure. Such physiologically acceptable agents include, for example, carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose or dextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins or other stabilizers or excipients. The choice of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, including a physiologically acceptable agent, depends, for example, on the route of administration of the composition. The preparation or pharmaceutical composition can be a self-emulsifying drug delivery system or a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. The pharmaceutical composition (preparation) also can be a liposome or other polymer matrix, which can have incorporated therein, for example, a compound of the disclosure. Liposomes, for example, which comprise phospholipids or other lipids, are nontoxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable carriers that are relatively simple to make and administer.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a subject without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the subject. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.

A pharmaceutical composition (preparation) can be administered to a subject by any of a number of routes of administration including, for example, orally (for example, drenches as in aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions, tablets, capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue); absorption through the oral mucosa (e.g., sublingually); anally, rectally or vaginally (for example, as a pessary, cream or foam); parenterally (including intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously or intrathecally as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension); nasally; intraperitoneally; subcutaneously; transdermally (for example as a patch applied to the skin); and topically (for example, as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin, or as an eye drop). The compound may also be formulated for inhalation. In certain embodiments, a compound may be simply dissolved or suspended in sterile water. Details of appropriate routes of administration and compositions suitable for same can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,110,973, 5,763,493, 5,731,000, 5,541,231, 5,427,798, 5,358,970 and 4,172,896, as well as in patents cited therein.

The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the subject being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association an active compound, such as a compound of the disclosure, with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present disclosure with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the disclosure suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), lyophile, powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present disclosure as an active ingredient. Compositions or compounds may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

To prepare solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; (10) complexing agents, such as, modified and unmodified cyclodextrins; and (11) coloring agents. In the case of capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions, such as dragees, capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Liquid dosage forms useful for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, lyophiles for reconstitution, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, cyclodextrins and derivatives thereof, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions for rectal, vaginal, or urethral administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more active compounds with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions for administration to the mouth may be presented as a mouthwash, or an oral spray, or an oral ointment.

Alternatively or additionally, compositions can be formulated for delivery via a catheter, stent, wire, or other intraluminal device. Delivery via such devices may be especially useful for delivery to the bladder, urethra, ureter, rectum, or intestine.

Formulations which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to an active compound, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present disclosure to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the active compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this disclosure. Exemplary ophthalmic formulations are described in U.S. Publication Nos. 2005/0080056, 2005/0059744, 2005/0031697 and 2005/004074 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,583,124, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. If desired, liquid ophthalmic formulations have properties similar to that of lacrimal fluids, aqueous humor or vitreous humor or are compatible with such fluids. A preferred route of administration is local administration (e.g., topical administration, such as eye drops, or administration via an implant).

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more active compounds in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents that delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissue.

For use in the methods of this disclosure, active compounds can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Methods of introduction may also be provided by rechargeable or biodegradable devices. Various slow release polymeric devices have been developed and tested in vivo in recent years for the controlled delivery of drugs, including proteinacious biopharmaceuticals. A variety of biocompatible polymers (including hydrogels), including both biodegradable and non-degradable polymers, can be used to form an implant for the sustained release of a compound at a particular target site.

Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.

The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound or combination of compounds employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound(s) being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound(s) employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the subject being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the pharmaceutical composition or compound at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. By “therapeutically effective amount” is meant the concentration of a compound that is sufficient to elicit the desired therapeutic effect. It is generally understood that the effective amount of the compound will vary according to the weight, sex, age, and medical history of the subject. Other factors which influence the effective amount may include, but are not limited to, the severity of the subject's condition, the disorder being treated, the stability of the compound, and, if desired, another type of therapeutic agent being administered with the compound of the disclosure. A larger total dose can be delivered by multiple administrations of the agent. Methods to determine efficacy and dosage are known to those skilled in the art (Isselbacher et al. (1996) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 13 ed., 1814-1882, herein incorporated by reference).

In general, a suitable daily dose of an active compound used in the compositions and methods of the disclosure will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above.

If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as one, two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the active compound may be administered two or three times daily. In preferred embodiments, the active compound will be administered once daily.

In certain embodiments, the dosing follows a 3+3 design. The traditional 3+3 design requires no modeling of the dose-toxicity curve beyond the classical assumption for cytotoxic drugs that toxicity increases with dose. This rule-based design proceeds with cohorts of three patients; the first cohort is treated at a starting dose that is considered to be safe based on extrapolation from animal toxicological data, and the subsequent cohorts are treated at increasing dose levels that have been fixed in advance. In some embodiments, the three doses of a compound of formula (I) range from about 100 mg to about 1000 mg orally, such as about 200 mg to about 800 mg, such as about 400 mg to about 700 mg, such as about 100 mg to about 400 mg, such as about 500 mg to about 1000 mg, and further such as about 500 mg to about 600 mg. Dosing can be three times a day when taken with without food, or twice a day when taken with food. In certain embodiments, the three doses of a compound of formula (I) range from about 400 mg to about 800 mg, such as about 400 mg to about 700 mg, such as about 500 mg to about 800 mg, and further such as about 500 mg to about 600 mg twice a day. In certain preferred embodiments, a dose of greater than about 600 mg is dosed twice a day.

If none of the three patients in a cohort experiences a dose-limiting toxicity, another three patients will be treated at the next higher dose level. However, if one of the first three patients experiences a dose-limiting toxicity, three more patients will be treated at the same dose level. The dose escalation continues until at least two patients among a cohort of three to six patients experience dose-limiting toxicities (i.e., ≥about 33% of patients with a dose-limiting toxicity at that dose level). The recommended dose for phase II trials is conventionally defined as the dose level just below this toxic dose level.

In certain embodiments, the dosing schedule can be about 40 mg/m² to about 100 mg/m², such as about 50 mg/m² to about 80 mg/m², and further such as about 70 mg/m² to about 90 mg/m² by IV for 3 weeks of a 4 week cycle.

In certain embodiments, compounds of the disclosure may be used alone or conjointly administered with another type of therapeutic agent. As used herein, the phrase “conjoint administration” refers to any form of administration of two or more different therapeutic compounds such that the second compound is administered while the previously administered therapeutic compound is still effective in the body (e.g., the two compounds are simultaneously effective in the subject, which may include synergistic effects of the two compounds). For example, the different therapeutic compounds can be administered either in the same formulation or in a separate formulation, either concomitantly or sequentially. In certain embodiments, the different therapeutic compounds can be administered within one hour, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, or a week of one another. Thus, a subject who receives such treatment can benefit from a combined effect of different therapeutic compounds.

In certain embodiments, conjoint administration of compounds of the disclosure with one or more additional therapeutic agent(s) (e.g., one or more additional chemotherapeutic agent(s)) provides improved efficacy relative to each individual administration of the compound of the disclosure (e.g., compound of formula I or Ia) or the one or more additional therapeutic agent(s). In certain such embodiments, the conjoint administration provides an additive effect, wherein an additive effect refers to the sum of each of the effects of individual administration of the compound of the disclosure and the one or more additional therapeutic agent(s).

This disclosure includes the use of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the disclosure in the compositions and methods of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, alkyl, dialkyl, trialkyl or tetra-alkyl ammonium salts. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, L-arginine, benenthamine, benzathine, betaine, calcium hydroxide, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, lithium, L-lysine, magnesium, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine, piperazine, potassium, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine, sodium, triethanolamine, tromethamine, and zinc salts. In certain embodiments, contemplated salts of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, Na, Ca, K, Mg, Zn or other metal salts.

The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can also exist as various solvates, such as with water, methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, and the like. Mixtures of such solvates can also be prepared. The source of such solvate can be from the solvent of crystallization, inherent in the solvent of preparation or crystallization, or adventitious to such solvent.

Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal-chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Although specific embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to the preparations and schemes, it should be understood that such embodiments are by way of example only and merely illustrative of but a small number of the many possible specific embodiments which can represent applications of the principles of the present disclosure. Various changes and modifications will be obvious to those of skill in the art given the benefit of the present disclosure and are deemed to be within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as further defined in the appended claims.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one having ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although other compounds or methods can be used in practice or testing, certain preferred methods are now described in the context of the following preparations and schemes.

A number of synthetic protocols were used to produce the compounds described herein. These synthetic protocols (see schemes below) have common intersections and can be used alternatively for synthesis of the compounds described herein.

EXAMPLES General Schemes

Scheme 1 provides a general scheme to arrive at the amino acids ester intermediates described herein through a 5-step process. In step 1, acid chloride 1A is condensed with N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine (step 1) to give amide 1B. The amide 1B is reduced by using a reducing agent such as LAH to give an aldehyde (1C). Aldehyde 1C is condensed with chiral auxiliary, such as (R)-phenylglycinol, and TMSCN, enantioselectively to give amino acetonitrile 1D. Hydrolysis of the nitrile under acidic conditions gives amino acid derivative 1E. The auxiliary is removed under hydrogenation conditions (step 4) to yield amino acid 1F. This building block (1F) can be converted into an ester 1G (step 5) or protected into Fmoc-protected amino acid (1H). Fmoc protected amino acid 1H can be further converted into resin linked amino acid (1I).

Scheme 2 provides a general scheme to arrive at the compounds described herein. First, Compound 2A is cyclized with PPA as catalyst to obtain a ketone 2B. Treating intermediate 2B with a suitable base, such as NaH, captures the enolate formed with methyl carbonate to form a keto-ester 2C. This intermediate is aromatized via bromination and elimination by a base to obtain the phenol ester 2D.

Scheme 3 provides a general scheme when using solid phase chemistry to arrive at the compounds described herein through a 3-step process. In step 1, Fmoc protected amino acid 1I is coupled with an appropriate aryl carboxylic acid (2D) with DIEA, followed by washing with THF and DMF to provide amide 3A. Derivatization of phenol of the amide 3A (step 2) is carried out by reacting with R₃OH, triphenylphosphine and DIAD to produce compound 3B. Lastly, removal of the resin is accomplished via treatment with TFA/TIPS followed by HPLC purification to produce compound 3C.

Scheme 4 provides a general scheme to illustrate an alternate solid phase synthetic procedure to arrive at the compounds described herein through a 4-step process. In step 1, aryl carboxylic acid 2D is reacted with TMS-CHN₂ followed by purification and lyophilization to provide ester 4A. Reaction of ester 4A with an appropriate alcohol in the presence of triphenylphosphine in THF is carried out to produce compound 4B. Coupling of carboxylic acid 4B with resin containing compound 1I in the presence of DIEA in DMF (step 3) produces amino acid amide 4C. Removal of the resin is carried out via treatment of 4C with TFA/TIPS followed by HPLC purification to produce compound 3C.

Scheme 5 provides a general scheme to arrive at the compounds described herein through a 3-step process. In step 1, ester 4A is treated with a base, such as sodium hydride, and then reacted with an appropriate alkylating agent, such as alkyl bromide, mesylate, or tosylate to give aryl ether carboxylic ester 5A. The ester is hydrolyzed by treatment with KOH/MeOH to produce carboxylic acid 5B. Coupling of 5B with amino acid methyl ester 1G is conducted in the presence of DIEA in DMF to produce the methyl ester. Removal of the methyl ester is carried out via treatment with KOH in a mixture of methanol and water followed by HPLC purification to produce compound 3C.

Analytical Procedures

The ¹H NMR spectra are run at 400 MHz on a Gemini 400 or Varian Mercury 400 spectrometer with an ASW 5 mm probe, and usually recorded at ambient temperature in a de Deuterated solvent, such as D2O, DMSO-D6 or CDCl3 unless otherwise noted. Chemical shifts values (6) are indicated in parts per million (ppm) with reference to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) experiments to determine retention times (RT) and associated mass ions were performed using one of the following methods.

Mass Spectra (MS) were recorded using a Micromass mass spectrometer. Generally, the method used was positive electro-spray ionization, scanning mass m/z from 100 to 1000. Liquid chromatography was performed on a Hewlett Packard 1100 Series Binary Pump & Degasser; Auxiliary detectors used were: Hewlett Packard 1100 Series UV detector, wavelength=220 nm and Sedere SEDEX 75 Evaporative Light Scattering (ELS) detector temperature=46° C., N2 pressure=4 bar.

LCT: Grad (AcN+0.05% TFA):(H2O+0.05% TFA)=5:95 (0 min) to 95:5 (2.5 min) to 95:5 (3 min). Column: YMC Jsphere 33×2 4 μM, 1 ml/min MUX: Column: YMC Jsphere 33×2, 1 ml/min Grad (AcN+0.05% TFA):(H2O+0.05% TFA)=5:95 (0 min) to 95:5 (3.4 min) to 95:5 (4.4 min). LCT2: YMC Jsphere 33×2 4 μM, (AcN+0.05% TFA):(H2O+0.05% TFA)=5:95 (0 min) to 95:5 (3.4 min) to 95:5 (4.4 min) QU: YMC Jsphere 33×2 1 ml/min, (AcN+0.08% formic acid):(H2O+0.1% formic acid)=5:95 (0 min) to 95:5 (2.5 min) to 95:5 (3.0 min)

LC-MS spectra for some of the compounds in the examples were obtained with UPLC Acquity device of Waters for liquid chromatography part, coupling with mass spectrometer ZMD of Waters. This system was piloted by MassLynx v4.1 software. Detection was made in UV at 220 nm.

Operational conditions for liquid chromatography part are the following:

Column: Assentis Express C₁₈ 50×2.1 mm, 2.7μ supelco

Eluent: Way A: H₂O+0,02% TFA;

-   -   Way B: CH₃CN+0.014% TFA;         Gradient: T₀ min: 2% B, T₁ min: 98% B, T_(1.3) min: 98% B,         T_(1.33) min: 2% B, T_(1.5) min: following injection;         Flow: 1 mL/min;

Temperature: 55° C. SQD: ESI+30V UV: 220 nm Injection: 0.2 μl. Example 1: 2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-2-[[1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]acetic acid

Step 1: 1 g of 2-ChloroTrityl chloride resin (100-200 mesh, Advanced ChemTech) S=1.7 mmol/g was swollen 1h, rt in dry DMF in 20 mL syringe, then drained. Solution of 6.8 mmol (4 eq.) of L-Fmoc-AA-OH was dissolved in 8 mL dry DMF and 3.5 mL (=21 mmol) of DIEA was added, and resulting slurry in syringe was shaken 12h at rt. Drained resin was washed 5 times using 10 mL of dry DMF via 2 minute shaking followed by draining. Fmoc deprotection was achieved via 2 times 20 min rt treatment with 12 mL of (1:1) PIP/DMF (Small sample ˜40 mg of dry resin, was used in ‘fmoc-reading procedure’ to establish resin substitution. Usually S=0.6-0.8 mmol/g was achieved). This was followed by a washing with 10 mL of dry DMF×5 via 2 minute shaking followed by draining. The prepared AA-preloaded resin was used in next step as is.

Step 2: 0.2 g of AA-preloaded resin in a syringe, swollen in DMF, was mixed with solution of 0.64 mmol (=4 eq.) of aromatic-hydroxy-acid pre-activated via treatment of 0.64 mmol=244 mg HATU in 4 mL DMF and 0.33 mL DIEA (2 mmol). Slurry was shaken for 12h at rt, then washed 5 times with 8 mL of DMF and 4 times with 8 mL of THF. Drained resin was dried in vacuum 12h, and used in next step as is.

Step 3: Solution of 0.8 mmol (=5 eq.) of respective R3-alcohol, 0.8 mmol=210 mg PPh3 in 5 mL of dry THF was added to the syringe containing 0.2 g of dry resin from step 2. Capped syringe was cooled to −5 deg C. in fridge. Precooled solution of 0.8 mmol=162 mg DIAD in 0.4 mL of dry THF was added and shaken syringe was allowed to reach rt (takes 1h). Resin in syringe was washed 8 times with 6 mL of dry THF. Drained resin was dried in vacuum 12h, and used in next step as is.

Step 4: Syringe containing 0.2 g of resin from step 3 was shaken as slurry with mixture 2% TFA, 5% TIPS in DCM for 1h at rt. Drained liquid was collected and resin retreated 3 more times (20 minutes each) with the same mixture. Collected extracts were evaporated with stream of nitrogen, and oily residue was dried in vacuum 12h rt. This residue was dissolved in 2 mL of DMF and injected to HPLC, pure product containing fractions were lyophilized. Yields vary from 30 to 75%.

Example 1: LCMS: Rt=4.38 min, m/z (ES⁺)=516 (M+H⁺).

The following compounds (examples 2 through 236) exemplified below were prepared in a manner analogous to Example 1 described above.

Example 2: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.60 min., m/z (ES⁺)=460 (M+H⁺).

Example 3: (S)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.51 min., m/z (ES⁺)=602 (M+H⁺).

Example 4: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.62 min., m/z (ES⁺)=572 (M+H⁺).

Example 5: (S)-3-methyl-3-phenyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.38 min., m/z (ES⁺)=554 (M+H⁺).

Example 6: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.07 min., m/z (ES⁺)=507 (M+H⁺).

Example 7: (S)-2-(1-((4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)methoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.18 min., m/z (ES⁺)=514 (M+H⁺).

Example 8: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.04 min., m/z (ES⁺)=491 (M+H⁺).

Example 9: (S)-3-methyl-3-phenyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.42 min., m/z (ES⁺)=522 (M+H⁺).

Example 10: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.36 min., m/z (ES⁺)=572 (M+H⁺).

Example 11: (S)-2-((1r,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-1-yl)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.24 min., m/z (ES⁺)=498 (M+H⁺).

Example 12: (S)-2-(1-((4-(difluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.54 min., m/z (ES⁺)=458 (M+H⁺).

Example 13: (S)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.56 min., m/z (ES⁺)=538 (M+H⁺).

Example 14: (S)-2-((1r,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-1-yl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.30 min., m/z (ES⁺)=514 (M+H⁺).

Example 15: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.58 min., m/z (ES⁺)=556 (M+H⁺).

Example 16: 3-methyl-3-phenyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.55 min., m/z (ES⁺)=556 (M+H⁺).

Example 17: (S)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.68 min., m/z (ES⁺)=570 (M+H⁺).

Example 18: 2-(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.01 min., m/z (ES⁺)=474 (M+H⁺).

Example 19: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.81 min., m/z (ES⁺)=494 (M+H⁺).

Example 20: 2-(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)-2-(1-((4-(pentafluoro-16-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.08 min., m/z (ES⁺)=532 (M+H⁺).

Example 21: 2-(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.12 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 22: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.78 min., m/z (ES⁺)=572 (M+H⁺).

Example 23: (S)-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-phenylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.17 min., m/z (ES⁺)=532 (M+H⁺).

Example 24: (S)-2-(1-((4-(pentafluoro-λ⁶-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.17 min., m/z (ES⁺)=532 (M+H⁺).

Example 25: (S)-2-(1-((3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.99 min., m/z (ES⁺)=478 (M+H⁺).

Example 26: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-(((1s,4R)-4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.53 min., m/z (ES⁺)=466 (M+H⁺).

Example 27: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.02 min., m/z (ES)=478 (M+H⁺).

Example 28: (S)-2-(1-((4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.56 min., m/z (ES⁺)=450 (M+H⁺).

Example 29: (S)-2-(1-((4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.85 min., m/z (ES⁺)=428 (M+H⁺).

Example 30: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.47 min., m/z (ES⁺)=491 (M+H⁺).

Example 31: (S)-2-(1-((4-cyanobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.43 min., m/z (ES⁺)=417 (M+H⁺).

Example 32: (S)-2-(6-methoxy-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.91 min., m/z (ES⁺)=536 (M+H⁺).

Example 33: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.41 min., m/z (ES⁺)=534 (M+H⁺).

Example 34: (S)-2-(1-((4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)methoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.12 min., m/z (ES⁺)=466 (M+H⁺).

Example 35: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.62 min., m/z (ES⁺)=492 (M+H⁺).

Example 36: 2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.45 min., m/z (ES⁺)=532 (M+H⁺).

Example 37: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(perfluoroethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.17 min., m/z (ES⁺)=510 (M+H⁺).

Example 38: (S)-2-(6-methoxy-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.56 min., m/z (ES⁺)=490 (M+H⁺).

Example 39: 2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-2-(1-(((1s,4s)-4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.75 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 40: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.02 min., m/z (ES⁺)=518 (M+H⁺).

Example 41: (2S)-2-(1-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.65 min., m/z (ES⁺)=410 (M+H⁺).

Example 42: (2S)-2-(1-(1-(4-bromophenyl)ethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.29 min., m/z (ES⁺)=484 (M+H⁺).

Example 43: 2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-2-(1-(((1r,4r)-4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.79 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 44: 2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-2-(1-((4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.22 min., m/z (ES⁺)=510 (M+H⁺).

Example 45: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.71 min., m/z (ES⁺)=416 (M+H⁺).

Example 46: (S)-2-(1-((4-bromobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.22 min., m/z (ES⁺)=470 (M+H⁺).

Example 47: (S)-2-(1-((3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.71 min., m/z (ES⁺)=460 (M+H⁺).

Example 48: 2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-2-(1-((4-(pentafluoro-16-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.39 min., m/z (ES⁺)=558 (M+H⁺).

Example 49: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.05 min., m/z (ES⁺)=436 (M+H⁺).

Example 50: 2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(pentafluoro-16-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.45 min., m/z (ES⁺)=576 (M+H⁺).

Example 51: (S)-2-(4-bromo-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.31 min., m/z (ES⁺)=538 (M+H⁺).

Example 52: (S)-2-(6-amino-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.28 min., m/z (ES⁺)=475 (M+H⁺).

Example 53: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.10 min., m/z (ES⁺)=484 (M+H⁺).

Example 54: 2-(1-((4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)methoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.26 min., m/z (ES⁺)=492 (M+H⁺).

Example 55: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.35 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 56: 2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.41 min., m/z (ES⁺)=458 (M+H⁺).

Example 57: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.50 min., m/z (ES⁺)=524 (M+H⁺).

Example 58: (S)-2-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.11 min., m/z (ES⁺)=449 (M+H⁺).

Example 59: (S)-2-(6-hydroxy-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.44 min., m/z (ES⁺)=476 (M+H⁺).

Example 60: 2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.42 min., m/z (ES⁺)=475 (M+H⁺).

Example 61: (S)-2-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.38 min., m/z (ES⁺)=467 (M+H⁺).

Example 62: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.36 min., m/z (ES⁺)=458 (M+H⁺).

Example 63: (S)-2-(6-methoxy-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.77 min., m/z (ES⁺)=522 (M+H⁺).

Example 64: (S)-2-(4-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.73 min., m/z (ES⁺)=478 (M+H⁺).

Example 65: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.77 min., m/z (ES⁺)=476 (M+H⁺).

Example 66: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.01 min., m/z (ES⁺)=470 (M+H⁺).

Example 67: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(pentafluoro-l6-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.18 min., m/z (ES⁺)=518 (M+H⁺).

Example 68: 2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-2-(1-((4-(pentafluoro-l6-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.47 min., m/z (ES⁺)=516 (M+H⁺).

Example 69: 2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.65 min., m/z (ES⁺)=550 (M+H⁺).

Example 70: (S)-2-(1-((2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.97 min., m/z (ES⁺)=478 (M+H⁺).

Example 71: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.30 min., m/z (ES⁺)=474 (M+H⁺).

Example 72: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.56 min., m/z (ES⁺)=398 (M+H⁺).

Example 73: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-6-(vinyloxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.21 min., m/z (ES⁺)=516 (M+H⁺).

Example 74: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-6-(vinyloxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.25 min., m/z (ES⁺)=460 (M+H⁺).

Example 75: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.23 min., m/z (ES⁺)=510 (M+H⁺).

Example 76: (S)-2-(1-((4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)methoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.00 min., m/z (ES⁺)=452 (M+H⁺).

Example 77: 2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.63 min., m/z (ES⁺)=564 (M+H⁺).

Example 78: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.12 min., m/z (ES⁺)=474 (M+H⁺).

Example 79: (S)-2-(1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.83 min., m/z (ES⁺)=436 (M+H⁺).

Example 80: 2-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.33 min., m/z (ES⁺)=500 (M+H⁺).

Example 81: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(pentafluoro-16-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.10 min., m/z (ES⁺)=536 (M+H⁺).

Example 82: 2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.54 min., m/z (ES⁺)=490 (M+H⁺).

Example 83: (S)-2-(6-methoxy-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.71 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 84: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.47 min., m/z (ES⁺)=524 (M+H⁺).

Example 85: (S)-2-(6-(dimethylamino)-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.84 min., m/z (ES⁺)=503 (M+H⁺).

Example 86: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.74 min., m/z (ES⁺)=397 (M+H⁺).

Example 87: (1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.89 min., m/z (ES⁺)=493 (M+H⁺).

Example 88: (S)-4-phenyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.99 min., m/z (ES⁺)=508 (M+H⁺).

Example 89: (1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-D-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.86 min., m/z (ES⁺)=493 (M+H⁺).

Example 90: (1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=4.14 min., m/z (ES⁺)=510 (M+H⁺).

Example 91: (1-((4-nitrobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.55 min., m/z (ES⁺)=471 (M+H⁺).

Example 92: (S)-3-(4-(allyloxy)phenyl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.83 min., m/z (ES⁺)=550 (M+H⁺).

Example 93: (1-((2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.77 min., m/z (ES⁺)=494 (M+H⁺).

Example 94: (1-((2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.85 min., m/z (ES⁺)=444 (M+H⁺).

Example 95: (1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.80 min., m/z (ES⁺)=494 (M+H⁺).

Example 96: (1-((4-(tert-butyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=4.37 min., m/z (ES⁺)=482 (M+H⁺).

Example 97: (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenethoxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.96 min., m/z (ES⁺)=508 (M+H⁺).

Example 98: (1-((4-chlorobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=4.07 min., m/z (ES⁺)=460 (M+H⁺).

Example 99: (1-((3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.93 min., m/z (ES⁺)=494 (M+H⁺).

Example 100: Methyl (1-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalaninate

LCMS: t_(R)=4.19 min., m/z (ES⁺)=458 (M+H⁺).

Example 101: Methyl (1-((3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalaninate

LCMS: t_(R)=4.37 min., m/z (ES⁺)=508 (M+H⁺).

Example 102: (1-((2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methoxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.78 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 103: (S)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.48 min., m/z (ES⁺)=495 (M+H⁺).

Example 104: (S)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.65 min., m/z (ES⁺)=562 (M+H⁺).

Example 105: (R)-3-(4-((diaminomethylene)amino)phenyl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.59 min., m/z (ES⁺)=551 (M+H⁺).

Example 106: (S)-3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.35 min., m/z (ES⁺)=538 (M+H⁺).

Example 107: (S)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.25 min., m/z (ES⁺)=519 (M+H⁺).

Example 108: (S)-2-(1-((4-(difluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.58 min., m/z (ES⁺)=472 (M+H⁺).

Example 109: (S)-2-(1-((4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)methoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.08 min., m/z (ES⁺)=466 (M+H⁺).

Example 110: (S)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(pentafluoro-16-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.18 min., m/z (ES⁺)=532 (M+H⁺).

Example 111: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(1-((4-(pentafluoro-16-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.10 min., m/z (ES⁺)=530 (M+H⁺).

Example 112: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(pentafluoro-16-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.21 min., m/z (ES⁺)=550 (M+H⁺).

Example 113: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(pentafluoro-16-sulfaneyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.14 min., m/z (ES⁺)=548 (M+H⁺).

Example 114: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.26 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 115: (S)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.32 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 116: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.37 min., m/z (ES⁺)=522 (M+H⁺).

Example 117: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.44 min., m/z (ES⁺)=524 (M+H⁺).

Example 118: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-methoxy-3-methylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.19 min., m/z (ES⁺)=526 (M+H⁺).

Example 119: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.48 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 120: 3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pent-4-enoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.56 min., m/z (ES⁺)=450 (M+H⁺).

Example 121: (1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethoxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.76 min., m/z (ES⁺)=470 (M+H⁺).

Example 122: (1-((4-bromobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=4.08 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 123: (1-(1-(4-bromophenyl)ethoxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=4.17 min., m/z (ES⁺)=518 (M+H⁺).

Example 124: (1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethoxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=4.18 min., m/z (ES⁺)=508 (M+H⁺).

Example 125: (1-((4-cyanobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-phenylalanine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.43 min., m/z (ES⁺)=451 (M+H⁺).

Example 126: (S)-3,3-diphenyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.20 min., m/z (ES⁺)=570 (M+H⁺).

Example 127: 3-phenyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.10 min., m/z (ES⁺)=508 (M+H⁺).

Example 128: (S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.15 min., m/z (ES⁺)=486 (M+H⁺).

Example 129: (2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.66 min., m/z (ES⁺)=510 (M+H⁺).

Example 130: (S)-2-(1-((3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.23 min., m/z (ES⁺)=588 (M+H⁺).

Example 131: (S)-2-(1-((4-(perfluoroethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.47 min., m/z (ES⁺)=620 (M+H⁺).

Example 132: (S)-3,3-diphenyl-2-(1-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.88 min., m/z (ES⁺)=571 (M+H⁺).

Example 133: (3R)-3-(tert-butoxy)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.15 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 134: (3S)-3-(tert-butoxy)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.04 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 135: O-methyl-N-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-allothreonine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.74 min., m/z (ES⁺)=461 (M+H⁺).

Example 136: (S)-3-(furan-2-yl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.75 min., m/z (ES⁺)=484 (M+H⁺).

Example 137: O-methyl-N-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-homoserine

LCMS: t_(R)=3.55 min., m/z (ES⁺)=461 (M+H⁺).

Example 138: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.39 min., m/z (ES⁺)=461 (M+H⁺).

Example 139: (S)-3-methoxy-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.80 min., m/z (ES⁺)=476 (M+H⁺).

Example 140: (S)-2-phenyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.95 min., m/z (ES⁺)=480 (M+H⁺).

Example 141: (S)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.17 min., m/z (ES⁺)=474 (M+H⁺).

Example 142: (S)-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.19 min., m/z (ES⁺)=530 (M+H⁺).

Example 143: (S)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.18 min., m/z (ES⁺)=520 (M+H⁺).

Example 144: (3R)-3-(benzyloxy)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.23 min., m/z (ES⁺)=538 (M+H⁺).

Example 145: (3R)-3-(benzyloxy)-2-(1-((5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.03 min., m/z (ES⁺)=475 (M+H⁺).

Example 146: (3R)-3-(benzyloxy)-2-(1-((4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.04 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 147: (3R)-3-(benzyloxy)-2-(1-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.75 min., m/z (ES⁺)=488 (M+H⁺).

Example 148: (3R)-2-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(benzyloxy)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.27 min., m/z (ES⁺)=527 (M+H⁺).

Example 149: (3R)-3-(benzyloxy)-2-(1-((1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.48 min., m/z (ES⁺)=536 (M+H⁺).

Example 150: (3R)-3-(benzyloxy)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.75 min., m/z (ES⁺)=476 (M+H⁺).

Example 151: 4-(tert-butoxy)-4-oxo-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.01 min., m/z (ES⁺)=518 (M+H⁺).

Example 152: (S)-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.11 min., m/z (ES⁺)=562 (M+H⁺).

Example 153: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.55 min., m/z (ES⁺)=490 (M+H⁺).

Example 154: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.54 min., m/z (ES⁺)=472 (M+H⁺).

Example 155: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(1-((4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.45 min., m/z (ES⁺)=446 (M+H⁺).

Example 156: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.46 min., m/z (ES⁺)=536 (M+H⁺).

Example 157: (S)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.51 min., m/z (ES⁺)=538 (M+H⁺).

Example 158: (S)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.11 min., m/z (ES⁺)=484 (M+H⁺).

Example 159: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(1-((4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.05 min., m/z (ES⁺)=482 (M+H⁺).

Example 160: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methoxy-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.61 min., m/z (ES⁺)=502 (M+H⁺).

Example 161: (S)-2-(6-methoxy-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.70 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 162: (S)-2-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methoxy-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.86 min., m/z (ES⁺)=534 (M+H⁺).

Example 163: (2R)-3-(((2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl)thio)-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.61 min., m/z (ES⁺)=568 (M+H⁺).

Example 164: (2R)-3-(((2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl)thio)-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.73 min., m/z (ES⁺)=600 (M+H⁺).

Example 165: (2R)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(((2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl)thio)-3-methylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.72 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 166: (2R)-3-(((2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl)thio)-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.18 min., m/z (ES⁺)=578 (M+H⁺).

Example 167: (2R)-3-(((2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl)thio)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-methylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.74 min., m/z (ES⁺)=618 (M+H⁺).

Example 168: (R)-3-(cyclopentylthio)-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.80 min., m/z (ES⁺)=546 (M+H⁺).

Example 169: (R)-3-(cyclopentylthio)-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.94 min., m/z (ES⁺)=578 (M+H⁺).

Example 170: (R)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(cyclopentylthio)-3-methylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.96 min., m/z (ES⁺)=484 (M+H⁺).

Example 171: (R)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(cyclopentylthio)-3-methylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.32 min., m/z (ES⁺)=556 (M+H⁺).

Example 172: (R)-3-(cyclopentylthio)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-methylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.95 min., m/z (ES⁺)=596 (M+H⁺).

Example 173: (R)-3-(((1S,2R,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)thio)-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.91 min., m/z (ES⁺)=572 (M+H⁺).

Example 174: (R)-3-(((1S,2R,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)thio)-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.02 min., m/z (ES⁺)=604 (M+H⁺).

Example 175: (R)-3-(((1S,2R,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)thio)-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.08 min., m/z (ES⁺)=510 (M+H⁺).

Example 176: (R)-3-(((1S,2R,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)thio)-3-methyl-2-(1-((4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.43 min., m/z (ES⁺)=582 (M+H⁺).

Example 177: (R)-3-(((1S,2R,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)thio)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-methylbutanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.05 min., m/z (ES⁺)=622 (M+H⁺).

Example 178: (S)-3-mesityl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.33 min., m/z (ES⁺)=536 (M+H⁺).

Example 179: (S)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1-(((1r,4S)-4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.65 min., m/z (ES⁺)=480 (M+H⁺).

Example 180: (S)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1-(((1s,4R)-4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.61 min., m/z (ES⁺)=480 (M+H⁺).

Example 181: 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.24 min., m/z (ES⁺)=553 (M+H⁺).

Example 182: 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(trifluoromethyl)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.31 min., m/z (ES⁺)=571 (M+H⁺).

Example 183: 2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.29 min., m/z (ES⁺)=491 (M+H⁺).

Example 184: 2-(4-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.03 min., m/z (ES⁺)=675 (M+H⁺).

Example 185: 2-(4-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.99 min., m/z (ES⁺)=659 (M+H⁺).

Example 186: (S)-2-(6-amino-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.42 min., m/z (ES⁺)=489 (M+H⁺).

Example 187: (S)-2-(6-amino-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.33 min., m/z (ES⁺)=487 (M+H⁺).

Example 188: O-benzyl-N-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-allothreonine

LCMS: t_(R)=2.83 min., m/z (ES⁺)=554 (M+H⁺).

Example 189: (S)-3,3-diphenyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.81 min., m/z (ES⁺)=586 (M+H⁺).

Example 190: (S)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.83 min., m/z (ES⁺)=578 (M+H⁺).

Example 191: (S)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.81 min., m/z (ES⁺)=490 (M+H⁺).

Example 192: O-benzyl-N-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-allothreonine

LCMS: t_(R)=2.89 min., m/z (ES⁺)=572 (M+H⁺).

Example 193: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.85 min., m/z (ES⁺)=604 (M+H⁺).

Example 194: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.90 min., m/z (ES⁺)=596 (M+H⁺).

Example 195: O-benzyl-N-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-allothreonine

LCMS: t_(R)=2.72 min., m/z (ES⁺)=556 (M+H⁺).

Example 196: O-benzyl-N-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoyl)-L-allothreonine

LCMS: t_(R)=2.70 min., m/z (ES⁺)=588 (M+H⁺).

Example 197: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.66 min., m/z (ES⁺)=580 (M+H⁺).

Example 198: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.64 min., m/z (ES⁺)=492 (M+H⁺).

Example 199: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.83 min., m/z (ES⁺)=508 (M+H⁺).

Example 200: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.77 min., m/z (ES⁺)=500 (M+H⁺).

Example 201: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.78 min., m/z (ES⁺)=412 (M+H⁺).

Example 202: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.82 min., m/z (ES⁺)=494 (M+H⁺).

Example 203: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.86 min., m/z (ES⁺)=526 (M+H⁺).

Example 204: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.79 min., m/z (ES⁺)=518 (M+H⁺).

Example 205: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.80 min., m/z (ES⁺)=430 (M+H⁺).

Example 206: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.57 min., m/z (ES⁺)=538 (M+H⁺).

Example 207: (S)-2-(1-((3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.62 min., m/z (ES⁺)=571 (M+H⁺).

Example 208: O-benzyl-N-(1-((3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthoyl)-L-allothreonine

LCMS: t_(R)=2.76 min., m/z (ES⁺)=556 (M+H⁺).

Example 209: (S)-2-(1-((3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.75 min., m/z (ES⁺)=589 (M+H⁺).

Example 210: (S)-2-(1-((3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.71 min., m/z (ES⁺)=580 (M+H⁺).

Example 211: (S)-2-(1-((3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.54 min., m/z (ES⁺)=492 (M+H⁺).

Example 212: (S)-2-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.51 min., m/z (ES⁺)=559 (M+H⁺).

Example 213: (S)-2-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.49 min., m/z (ES⁺)=551 (M+H⁺).

Example 214: (S)-2-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.44 min., m/z (ES⁺)=463 (M+H⁺).

Example 215: N-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthoyl)-O-benzyl-L-allothreonine

LCMS: t_(R)=2.52 min., m/z (ES⁺)=545 (M+H⁺).

Example 216: (S)-2-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.54 min., m/z (ES⁺)=577 (M+H⁺).

Example 217: (S)-2-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.51 min., m/z (ES⁺)=569 (M+H⁺).

Example 218: (S)-2-(1-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-6-fluoro-2-naphthamido)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.46 min., m/z (ES⁺)=481 (M+H⁺).

Example 219: 3,3-dimethyl-2-[[7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]pent-4-ynoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.13 min., m/z (ES⁺)=484 (M+H⁺).

Example 220: 3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]pent-4-enoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.33 min., m/z (ES⁺)=488 (M+H⁺).

Example 221: (2S)-2-[[5-fluoro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.19 min., m/z (ES⁺)=494 (M+H⁺).

Example 222: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=2.53 min., m/z (ES⁺)=466 (M+H⁺).

Example 223: 3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]pent-4-enoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.01 min., m/z (ES⁺)=472 (M+H⁺).

Example 224: (2S)-2-[[6-fluoro-1-(4-methylpent-2-ynoxy)naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.82 min., m/z (ES⁺)=400 (M+H⁺).

Example 225: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[6-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.34 min., m/z (ES⁺)=488 (M+H⁺).

Example 226: (2S)-2-[[5-fluoro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.29 min., m/z (ES⁺)=508 (M+H⁺).

Example 227: 3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-[[4-(trifluoromethylsulfanyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]pent-4-ynoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.14 min., m/z (ES⁺)=502 (M+H⁺).

Example 228: 3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]pent-4-ynoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.00 min., m/z (ES⁺)=470 (M+H⁺).

Example 229: (2S)-2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-2-[[7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]acetic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.12 min., m/z (ES⁺)=472 (M+H⁺).

Example 230: (2S)-2-[[5-fluoro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.24 min., m/z (ES⁺)=492 (M+H⁺).

Example 231: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-[(4-nitrophenyl)methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.36 min., m/z (ES⁺)=437 (M+H⁺).

Example 232: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-(4-pyridylmethoxy)naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.30 min., m/z (ES⁺)=393 (M+H⁺).

Example 233: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[6-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.23 min., m/z (ES⁺)=474 (M+H⁺).

Example 234: 3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]pent-4-ynoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.04 min., m/z (ES⁺)=486 (M+H⁺).

Example 235: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-(4-methylpent-2-ynoxy)naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=3.73 min., m/z (ES⁺)=382 (M+H⁺).

Example 236: (2S)-2-[[5-fluoro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

LCMS: t_(R)=4.14 min., m/z (ES⁺)=478 (M+H⁺).

Intermediate Syntheses Preparation of 7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoic acid

Step 1, preparation of ethyl 7-chloro-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylate

To a suspension of sodium hydride (1.87 g, 46.7 mmol) in 150 mL of THF was added diethyl carbonate (4.29 ml, 35 mmol). Then 7-chloro-1-tetralone (4.44 g, 23.35 mmol) in 75 mL of THF was added dropwise. The mixture was heated at reflux for 4 hours. The mixture was cooled at 0° C. and hydrolyzed with caution with a solution of hydrochloric acid 1 M. The crude mixture was extracted twice with diethyl ether. The organic phases were collected and dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate as eluent (gradient: 0% AcOEt-25′->50% AcOEt) to give yellow oil (3 g, 51% yield).

LCMS: t_(R)=0.79 min. & 1.05 min. (Keto/enol), m/z (ES⁺)=253 (M+H⁺).

Step 2, preparation of ethyl 2-bromo-7-chloro-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylate

To a solution of ethyl 7-chloro-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylate (3 g, 11.87 mmol) in 100 mL of dichloromethane was added N-bromosuccinimide (2.35 g, 13.06 mmol) and 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (99.47 mg, 593.6 μmol). The mixture was heated at reflux for 4 hours. Then, the mixture was cooled at room temperature and was concentrated in vacuum. 20 mL of heptane was added and the crude mixture was filtered and evaporated. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate as eluent (gradient: 0% to 50% AcOEt) to give a yellow oil (3.5 g, 89% yield).

LCMS: t_(R)=0.88 min., m/z (ES⁺)=333 (M+H⁺).

Step 3. Preparation of ethyl 7-chloro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate

To a solution of ethyl 2-bromo-7-chloro-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylate (3.5 g, 10.56 mmol) in 120 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (3.22 ml, 21.11 mmol). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Then, the crude mixture was poured on 100 mL of ice water and acidified with hydrochloric acid 1M until pH<3. The crude mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The organic phases were collected, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product obtained was a yellow solid. (2.65 g, 100% yield). The product was used without further purification.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.04 min., m/z (ES⁺)=251 (M+H⁺).

Step 4. Preparation of ethyl 7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoate

To a solution of ethyl 7-chloro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate (2.70 g, 10.77 mmol) in 150 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide was added potassium carbonate (1.79 g, 12.92 mmol) and 4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl bromide (1.93 ml, 11.85 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Then, the crude was concentrated in vacuum and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed once with water and once with saturated aqueous solution of NaCl. The organic layers were collected, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate as eluent (gradient: 0% to 10% AcOEt) to give yellow oil (3.63 g, 80% yield).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.10 min., m/z (ES⁺)=425 (M+H⁺).

Step 5. Preparation of 7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoic acid

To a solution of ethyl 7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoate (3.63 g, 8.55 mmol) in 16 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added lithium hydroxide (1.43 g, 34.18 mmol) and 4 mL of water. The mixture was heated at 65° C. for 20 hours. Then, the crude was concentrated in vacuum. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was acidified with HCl 1M solution and washed once with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was collected and washed once with water and once with saturated aqueous solution of NaCl. The organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product obtained was yellow oil (3.37 g, 99% yield). The product was used without purification.

LCMS: t_(R)=0.94 min., m/z (ES⁺)=397 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of 7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1. Preparation of 7-Methyl-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester

Under nitrogen atmosphere, 7-methyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (2.0 g, 12.5 mmol) was added to dimethyl carbonate (12.5 mL, 150 mmol). Sodium hydride (1.0 g, 60 percent in mineral oil, 25.0 mmol) and dry methanol (0.05 mL, 0.1 eq.) were added. The suspension was heated to 80° C. (bath) and stirred for 3 hours. After cooling in ice-water bath, ethyl acetate (25 mL) was added, followed by hydrochloric acid (3 N, 30.0 mL) while cooling in an ice-water bath. The two layers were separated and the aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL×2) and the combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. After removing the solvent, the product was obtained as a red-brown liquid, 2.7 g, 99% yield. The compound was used immediately without further purification.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz,): (mixture and enol and ketone forms) δ 12.45 (s), 7.82-7.21 (m, 3H), 3.82 (s), 3.83 (s) 3.60 (m), 3.00 (m), 2.82 (m), 2.41 (s).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.18 min and 1.49 min; m/z (ES⁺)=219 (M+H⁺).

Step 2. 1-Hydroxy-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester

Step A. 7-Methyl-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester was dissolved in chloroform and then N-bromosuccinimide and a few crystals of AIBN were added. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 40 minutes and the reaction was complete (TLC, 10% EtOAc in heptane). The reaction solution was diluting with heptane (5 mL), allowed to cool with ice-water bath. Succinimide precipitated out and was removed by filtration, rinsed with hexane. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and was used immediately in the next reaction.

Step B. The residue obtained above was re-dissolved in anhydrous THF (2.5 mL). While stirring under nitrogen, DBU (0.40 mL, 3.32 mmol) was added drop wise and then the resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt. During this time a precipitate formed. The reaction mixture was cooled in ice-water bath, diluted with ether (5 mL) and water (2 mL), treated with acetic acid (17 M; 0.3 mL) and then extracted with ether. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to dryness to give a brown solid. The solid was re-dissolved in EtOAc, dry loaded onto a 12-g silica gel column, eluted with 10% EtOAc in heptane to obtain a white solid after drying, 224 mg, 62% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.96 (s, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.69 (dd, J=12.4 Hz & 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (dd, J=8.4 Hz & 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 2.55 (s, 3H) ppm.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.49 min., m/z (ES⁺)=217 (M+H⁺).

Step 3. Preparation of [4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl methanesulfonate

A 500-mL 3-neck RB flask equipped with mechanic stirrer, static nitrogen line was charged with 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methanol (20.0 g, 113.5 mmol, 1.0 eq), followed by MTBE (50 mL) and triethylamine (4.7 mL, 3.44 g, 33.83 mmol, 1.3 eq.). The clear light amber solution was cooled to 1.8° C. via an ice-water bath cooling. Methanesulfonyl chloride (3.58 g, 31.23 mmol, 1.2 eq) was added dropwise using syringe. The resulting slurry was stirred at ˜10° C. (bath) until in-process LCMS indicated complete reaction (40 min.). The flask was charged with either and H₂O (25 mL each). The triethylamine hydrochloride dissolved to give a clear light-yellow organic layer and cloudy aqueous layer. The aqueous layer was separated. The organic layer was washed with brine (25 mL), dried with sodium sulfate then concentrated on a rotavap down to about 10 mL. To this solution was added 10 mL of heptane and concentrated further to get the title compound as a very white crystalline sample, 7.13 g (100% yield). The sample was used as such in the next step of the reaction.

Step 4. Methyl 7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylate

4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl methanesulfonate (3.08 g, 11.39 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) and methyl 1-hydroxy-7-methyl-2-naphthoate (2.24 g, 1 equiv.) were dissolved in acetone (80 mL) and potassium carbonate (3.58 g, 25.9 mmol, 2.5 equiv.) was added. The suspension was heated at 50° C. (bath) for 11h (timer). The reaction was cooled to ambient temperature and water and EtOAc (50 mL reach) were added to form a clear solution. EtOAc work out. TLC (20% EtOAc in Heptane). The crude product was dissolved in 20% EtOAc in heptane and loaded onto a 50-g silica gel column, eluted with 10%-12% EtOAc in heptane to afford the title compound, 3.87 g (96% yield), a thick liquid, which crystalized upon standing.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.82-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.65-7.12 (m, 3H), 7.44 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.32 (m, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 2.55 (s, 3H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.62 min., m/z (ES⁺)=m/z (ES⁺)=391.

Step 5. 7-Methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

Methyl 7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylate (3.87 g, 9.9 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane (50 mL) and water (10 mL). To this solution was added 2M LiOH (12 mL, 24 mmol, 2.2 equiv.) at rt. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was taken in EtOAc and water (20 mL each) and cooled to ice-water bath. EtOAc work up. 3N HCl (11.5 mL, 34.5 mmol, 1.01 equiv.) was added while cooling. The EtOAc solution was dried (Na₂SO₄ and MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to obtain the title compound as a solid. The solid was used in the next step without further purification.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.46 min., m/z (ES⁺)=m/z (ES⁺)=377 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of 6-Fluoro-7-methyl-1-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1. Preparation of 4-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-but-3-enoic acid

(2-Carboxyethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (50.5 g, 122 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-fluoro-4-methyl-benzaldehyde (12.0 g, 87.0 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (400 mL). The suspension was cooled to −78° C. and potassium tert-butoxide (31.2 g, 278.4 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight under argon. Water (200 mL) was added, and tetrahydrofuran was removed under reduced pressure. Water (300 mL) was added to the resulting solution, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EA/PE (v/v=1/1, 3×300 mL). The aqueous layer was acidified with 37% aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid to pH=1 and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×300 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA=4/1) to afford the title compound (10 g, 59%) as a light yellow solid.

LCMS Purity: 89%; (M+H⁺) 195.0

Step 2. Preparation of 4-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-butyric acid

To a solution of 4-(3-fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-but-3-enoic acid (10 g, 51.5 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (5.0 g). The resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen for 2h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford of 4-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-butyric acid (8.0 g, 79%) as a light yellow solid.

LCMS Purity: 62%; (M+H⁺) 197.0;

Step 3. Preparation of 6-fluoro-7-methyl-tetralin-1-one

To a well stirred solution of PPA (50 mL) at 90° C. was added 4-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-butyric acid (8.0 g, 40.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 3h, diluted with H₂O (300 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×200 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA=30/1) to afford 6-fluoro-7-methyl-tetralin-1-one (4.0 g, 55%) as a light-yellow oil.

LCMS Purity: 93%; (M+H⁺) 179.2;

Step 4. Preparation of methyl 6-fluoro-7-methyl-1-oxo-tetralin-2-carboxylate

To a stirred solution of NaH (2.13 g, 53.4 mmol, 60% in oil) in dimethyl carbonate (15 mL) was added 6-fluoro-7-methyl-tetralin-1-one (1.9 g, 10.7 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting solution was heated at 80° C. for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled in ice, treated with HCl (2 N) to pH=4, extracted with DCM (4×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA=40/1) to afford methyl 6-fluoro-7-methyl-1-oxo-tetralin-2-carboxylate (2.0 g, 79%) as a light yellow oil.

LCMS Purity: 79%; (M+H⁺) 237.1.

Step 5. Preparation of methyl 6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate

A solution of 6-fluoro-7-methyl-1-oxo-tetralin-2-carboxylate (2.0 g, 8.47 mmol) in CHCl₃ (25 mL) was added NBS (2.26 g, 12.7 mmol) and AIBN (139 mg, 0.847 mmol) at room temperature, then the reaction mixture was stirred under reflux for 1 hour, and concentrated to afford a residue. The residue was dissolved in THF (20 mL), DBU (6.44 g, 42.35 mmol) was added at room temperature, the solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, adjusted pH to 6 with 1 N HCl, extracted with EA (4×50 mL), washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated, then purified by silica gel chromatography (PE/EA=200/1) to afford the mixture of methyl 6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate and brominated by product (1.8 g) as white solid. The mixture was dissolved in MeOH (10 mL), 10% Pd/C (1.0 g) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under H₂ atmosphere for 1 hour. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford methyl 6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate (1.4 g, 71%) as a light yellow solid.

LCMS Purity: 100%; (M+H⁺) 235.1.

Step 6. Preparation of methyl 6-fluoro-7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylate

To a stirred solution of methyl 6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate (600 mg, 2.56 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added bromide (643 mg, 2.69 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (2.5 g, 7.68 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2h, diluted with water (100 mL), and extracted with EA (50 mL×4). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA=100/1) to afford methyl 6-fluoro-7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylate (900 mg, 90%) as a white solid.

LCMS Purity: 100%; (M+H⁺) 392.7.

Step 7. Preparation of 6-fluoro-7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

To a solution of methyl 6-fluoro-7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylate (900 mg, 2.30 mmol) in THF/MeOH/H₂O (v/v/v=1/2/1, 10 mL) was added NaOH (460 mg, 11.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The volatiles were removed. The residue was diluted with H₂O (50 mL), acidified with aqueous HCl (2.0 M) to pH<3, and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Preparation of 6-fluoro-7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (830 mg, 96%) as a light yellow solid.

LCMS Purity: 100%; (M+H⁺) 378;

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.1 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.82 (m, 5H), 7.76 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (s, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H) ppm.

Preparation of 1-(4,4-dimethylpentoxy)-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1. Preparation of ethyl (E)-4,4-dimethylpent-2-enoate

To a solution of ethyl 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (4.5 g, 20 mmol) in THF (30 mL) at 0° C., NaH (880 mg, 22 mmol) was added slowly. After addition, the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min, and then aldehyde was added. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight. H₂O (20 mL) was added, extracted with EA (30 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated at 40° C. to give ethyl (E)-4,4-dimethylpent-2-enoate as colorless oil (2.0 g, 65%).

LCMS Purity: 100%

¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 Hz): δ 6.97 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.30 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H).

Step 2. Preparation of ethyl 4,4-dimethylpentanoate

The mixture of ethyl (E)-4,4-dimethylpent-2-enoate (2.0 g, 13 mmol) and PtO₂ (80 mg) in EA (30 mL) was charged with H₂ and stirred at H₂ atmosphere for 12 h, filtered and concentrated to give ethyl 4,4-dimethylpentanoate as colorless oil (2.0 g, 100%).

LCMS Purity: 100%.

¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 Hz): δ 4.12 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.27 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 1.55 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 1.26 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H).

Step 3. Preparation of 4,4-dimethylpentan-1-ol

To a solution of ethyl 4,4-dimethylpentanoate (2.0 g, 13 mmol) in THF (30 mL) at 0° C., LiAlH₄ (988 mg, 26 mmol) was added in five portions. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. H₂O (5 mL) was added slowly, filtered through celite, concentrated at 40° C. to give 4,4-dimethylpentan-1-ol as colorless oil (1.5 g, 100%).

LCMS Purity: 100%.

¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 Hz): δ 3.31 (s, 2H), 1.24-1.20 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.89 (m, 5H), 0.87 (s, 6H).

Step 4. Preparation of methyl 1-(4,4-dimethylpentoxy)-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate

The mixture of 4,4-dimethylpentan-1-ol (348 mg, 3.0 mmol), ester (324 mg, 1.5 mmol) and PPh₃ (524 mg, 3.0 mmol), DEAD (344 mg, 3.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was stirred at 35° C. for 12 h. The reaction was detected with LCMS, concentrated and purified with flash chromatography (PE:EA=15:1) to give methyl 1-(4,4-dimethylpentoxy)-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate (400 mg, 87%) as colorless oil.

LCMS Purity: 96%; (M+H⁺) 315.2.

Step 5. Preparation of 1-(4,4-dimethylpentoxy)-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

To a solution of methyl 1-(4,4-dimethylpentoxy)-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate (400 mg, 1.27 mmol) in THF (10 mL), LiOH—H₂O (160 mg, 3.8 mmol), MeOH (10 mL), H₂O (1.5 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred at rt for 6 h. NaHSO₄ (10% in water) was added until pH=4-5, extracted with EA (20 mL×3). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated and purified with flash chromatography (PE:EA=2:1) to give 1-(4,4-dimethylpentoxy)-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (380 mg, 100%) as a white solid.

LCMS Purity: 95%; (M+H⁺) 301.1.

Preparation of 1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1. Preparation of methyl 1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate (0.90 g, 4.45 mmol) in 100 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added triphenylphosphine (1.28 g, 4.90 mmol) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl methanol (0.95 g, 4.90 mmol). The mixture was cooled at 0° C. and diethyl azodicarboxylate (794.8 μL, 4.90 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Then, the crude was concentrated in vacuum and purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate as eluent (gradient: 0% to 50%) to give yellow oil (0.58 g, 35% yield).

LCMS: t_(R)=0.90 min., m/z (ES⁺)=368 (M+H⁺).

Step 2. Preparation of 1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylic

To a solution of methyl 1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylate (0.58 g, 1.58 mmol) in 16 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added lithium hydroxide (0.26 g, 6.32 mmol) dissolved in 4 mL of water. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 20 hours. Then, the crude was concentrated in vacuum. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was acidified with HCl 1M solution and washed once with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were collected and washed once with water and once with saturated aqueous solution of NaCl. The organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product obtained was yellow (0.90 g, 99% yield). The product was used without purification.

LCMS: t_(R)=0.80 min., m/z (ES⁺)=354 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of 1-(3-cyclopropylprop-2-ynoxy)naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1. Preparation of 3-cyclopropylprop-2-yn-1-ol

To a solution of cyclopropylacetylene (4.23 ml, 48.92 mmol) in 150 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise at −78° C., butyllithium 2.5 M (21.53 ml, 53.82 mmol). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 0.5 hours and then, paraformaldehyde (5.39 g, 58.82 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. 30 ml of HCl 1N was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hours. The crude was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed once with saturated aqueous solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product obtained was yellow oil (4.50 g, 96% yield). The product was used without purification.

LCMS: t_(R)=0.38 min., m/z (ES⁺)=97 (M+H⁺).

Step 2. Preparation of methyl 1-(3-cyclopropylprop-2-ynoxy)naphthalene-2-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate (4 g, 19.39 mmol) in 100 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added triphenylphosphine (5.59 g, 21.32 mmol) and 3-cyclopropylprop-2-yn-1-ol (2.05 g, 21.32 mmol). The mixture was cooled at 0° C. and diethyl azodicarboxylate (3.46 mL, 21.32 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Then, the crude was concentrated in vacuum and purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate as eluent (gradient: 2%-50% of AcOEt in heptane) to give yellow oil (0.58 g, 59% yield).

LCMS: t_(R)=0.94 min., m/z (ES⁺)=281 (M+H⁺).

Step 3. Preparation of 1-(3-cyclopropylprop-2-ynoxy)naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

To a solution of methyl 1-(3-cyclopropylprop-2-ynoxy)naphthalene-2-carboxylate (1.80 g, 6.42 mmol) in 80 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added lithium hydroxide (1.08 g, 25.68 mmol) dissolved in 40 mL of water. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 20 hours. Then, the crude was concentrated in vacuum. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was acidified with HCl 1M solution and washed once with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were collected and washed once with water and once with saturated aqueous solution of NaCl. The organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product obtained was white (1.50 g, 88% yield). The product was used without purification.

LCMS: t_(R)=0.77 min., m/z (ES⁺)=267 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of 1-[[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1. Preparation of methyl 1-[[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate (1.50 g, 7.27 mmol) in 100 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added triphenylphosphine (2.10 g, 8.00 mmol) and 1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropanemethanol (1.07 g, 7.27 mmol). The mixture was cooled at 0° C. and diethyl azodicarboxylate (1.30 ml, 8.00 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Then, the crude was concentrated in vacuum and purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate as eluent (gradient: 2% AcOEt—15′->50% AcOEt; 50% AcOEt—10′->50% AcOEt) to give a colorless oil (1.75 g, 74% yield).

LCMS: t_(R)=0.96 min., m/z (ES⁺)=325 (M+H⁺).

Step 2. Preparation of 1-[[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid

To a solution of methyl 1-[[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carboxylate (1.70 g, 5.24 mmol) in 100 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added lithium hydroxide (0.66 g, 15.73 mmol) dissolved in 30 mL of water. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 12 hours. Then, the crude was concentrated in vacuum. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was acidified with HCl 1M solution and washed once with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were collected and washed once with water and once with saturated aqueous solution of NaCl. The organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product obtained was a white powder (1.55 g, 95% yield). The product was used without purification.

LCMS: t_(R)=0.81 min., m/z (ES⁺)=311 (M+H⁺).

Preparation of (S)-methyl 2-amino-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoate

Step 1. Preparation of N-methoxy-2,2, N-trimethyl-butyramide

To a solution of methyl 3,3-dimethyl-pentanoyl chloride (10.0 g, 70 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (67 mL) was added N,O-dimethyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride (7.8 g, 80 mmol), then TEA (22.3 g, 0.22 mol) was added slowly at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 2 h until the disappearance of starting material as checked by LCMS. Then, the solid was filtered out. The solvent was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=3/1) to afford N-methoxy-2,2,N-trimethyl-butyramide as a yellow oil (10.3 g, yield 88%).

LCMS: Purity: 100%, t_(R)=1.94 min, m/z (ES⁺)=160 (M+H⁺).

Step 2. Preparation of 2,2-dimethylbutanal

To a solution of N-methoxy-2,2, N-trimethyl-butyramide (10.0 g, 62.9 mmol) in 100 mL anhydrous THF was added of 94 mL LiAlH₄ (1 M in THF) slowly at −78° C. under N2 protection. The resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 2 h. Then 3.6 mL water, 3.6 mL 15% aqueous NaOH and 11 mL water were added to this mixture slowly at 0° C. in sequence. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and filtered out the solid. The solvent was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solution of the crude title compound was used in the next step directly without concentration.

GCMS: t_(R)=4.86 min, m/z (ES⁺)=100 (M+H⁺).

Step 3. Preparation of (2S)-2-[[(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanenitrile

To a solution of 2,2-dimethylbutanal obtained in the previous step was added of 90 mL methanol, ZnI₂ (0.996 g, 3.12 mmol) and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylethanol (9.48 g, 69.1 mmol) in sequence. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Then the TMSCN (9.34 g, 94.14 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The solvent was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=5/1) to obtain 8.8 g (2S)-2-[[(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanenitrile as a yellow oil, yield 57% (two steps).

LCMS: t_(R)=2.13 min, m/z (ES⁺)=247 (M+H⁺).

Step 4. Preparation of (2S)-2-[[(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid

To a solution of (2S)-2-[[(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanenitrile (8.5 g, 34.6 mmol) in 29.7 mL acetic acid was added of 67.8 mL conc. HCl and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight. Then remove the solvent in vacuo and the residue was slurried with water (2 mL×3) to remove the other isomer and afford (2S)-2-[[(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid as a white solid. (3.74 g, yield: 40.8%).

LCMS: Purity: 100%, t_(R)=1.45 min, [M+H]=266.

Step 5. Preparation of (2S)-2-amino-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid

To a suspension of Pd(OH)₂ (1.12 g, 0.81 mmol) in 18.6 mL acetic acid and 93 mL methanol was added of (2S)-2-[[(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid (3.7 g, 13.9 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature under the circumstance of hydrogen overnight. Then the Pd(OH)₂ was filtered out and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the crude product, which was washed with ethyl ether to give (2S)-2-amino-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid as a white solid (1.92 g, yield: 94.8%). LCMS: m/z (ES⁺)=146 (M+H⁺).

Step 6. Preparation of (2S)-methyl 2-amino-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoate

To a solution of (2S)-2-amino-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid (1.72 g, 11.85 mmol) in 30 mL methanol was added of 6 mL thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 24 h. Then 6 mL SOCl₂ and 6 mL methanol were added to this mixture which was reacted at 70° C. for another 24 h. Finally, 6 mL SOCl₂ and 6 mL methanol were added again to this mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 24 h. Then remove the solvent in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution. The organic phase was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate, 100%) to give compound methyl 2-amino-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoate as a yellow liquid (1.404 g, yield: 74.5%). Then, the target product was dissolved in ethyl acetate and added of 6 mL hydrochloric acid solution (4M in 1,4-dioxane). The solvent was removed in vacuo to provide the corresponding hydrochloride as a white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.53 (br s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.74-3.72 (m, 1H), 1.41-1.29 (m, 2H), 0.96 (s, 3H), 0.92 (s, 3H), 0.84-0.81 (m, 3H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.03 min., m/z (ES⁺)=160.7 (M+H⁺)

The above synthesis of methyl (2S)-methyl 2-amino-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoate was exemplary. If opposite stereo auxiliary is used, for example, (S)-2-amino-2-phenylethanol, the D-amino acid would be synthesized using this protocol. One of skill in the art would appreciate that other synthetic routes are known for these compounds and analogs thereof.

Example 237: (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethyl butanoic acid

Step 1. Preparation of Methyl-(S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate

To a solution of ethyl 7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoic acid (300 mg, 756.15 μmol) in 20 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide was added N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (329.28 μl, 1.89 mmol) and HBTU (315.44 mg, 831.77 μmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, the crude was concentrated in vacuum and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed once with saturated aqueous solution of KHSO₄ and once with saturated aqueous solution of K₂CO₃. The organic layers were collected, washed once with saturated aqueous solution of NaCl, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate as eluent (gradient: 0%-50% AcOEt) to give yellow oil (395 mg, 99% yield).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.10 min., m/z (ES⁺)=524 (M+H⁺).

Step 2. Preparation of (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethyl butanoic acid

To a solution of methyl (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (395 mg, 753.91 μmol) in 10 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added lithium hydroxide (190 m g, 4.53 mmol) and 3 mL of water. The mixture was heated at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, the crude was concentrated in vacuum. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was acidified with HCl 1M solution and washed once with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were collected and washed once with water and once with saturated aqueous solution of NaCl. The organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of heptane and ethyl acetate as eluent (gradient: 0%-50% AcOEt) to give yellow oil (318 mg, 83% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.88-12.72 (m, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=8.51 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.81 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=2.12 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H), 7.68-7.61 (m, 4H), 7.42 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 2H), 5.20 (dd, J=38.60, 11.68 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (d, J=8.51 Hz, 1H), 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.01 min., m/z (ES⁺)=510 (M+H⁺)

Examples 238 through 273 exemplified below were synthesized in a manner analogous to Example 237 described above using the appropriate intermediates and starting materials/reagents.

Example 238: 2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.57 (d, J=8.06 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.81 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=2.01 Hz, 1H), 7.88-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.72 (d, J=8.58 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J=8.81, 2.01 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8.58, 2H) 5.22 (dd, J=110.31, 12.11 Hz, 2H), 4.46 (d, J=8.06 Hz, 1H), 1.21-1.01 (m, 2H), 0.91-0.71 (m, 2H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.01 min., m/z (ES⁺)=562 (M+H⁺)

Example 239: (S)-2-(7-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethyl butanoic acid

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 12.58-12.99 (m, 1H) 8.60 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 8.11 (dd, J=9.05, 5.62 Hz, 1H) 7.85 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.70-7.72 (m, 1H) 7.67 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 2H) 7.61 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.55 (td, J=8.80, 2.57 Hz, 1H) 7.42 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 2H) 5.19 (dd, J=37.90, 11.00 Hz, 2H) 4.35 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 0.93-1.03 (m, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.96 min., m/z (ES⁺)=494 (M+H⁺)

Example 240: 2-(7-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-(trifluoromethyl) cyclopropyl)acetic acid

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 13.15-13.52 (m, 1H) 8.94 (d, J=7.82 Hz, 1H) 8.12 (dd, J=9.11, 5.69 Hz, 1H) 7.86 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.60-7.72 (m, 4H) 7.55 (td, J=9.00, 3.40 Hz, 1H) 7.40 (d, J=7.70 Hz, 2H) 5.20 (dd, J=50.60, 11.40 Hz, 2H) 4.67 (d, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 0.75-1.48 (m, 4H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.96 min., m/z (ES⁺)=546 (M+H⁺)

Example 241: (S)-2-(7-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 12.54-13.02 (m, 1H) 8.62 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 8.12 (dd, J=9.11, 5.69 Hz, 1H) 7.86 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.75-7.83 (m, 4H) 7.71 (dd, J=10.58, 2.51 Hz, 1H) 7.61 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.52-7.59 (m, 1H) 5.27 (dd, J=33.00, 12.10 Hz, 2H) 4.34 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.94 min., m/z (ES⁺)=478 (M+H⁺)

Example 242: (2S)-2-[[7-(difluoromethyl)-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.85-12.68 (m, 1H) 8.63 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H) 8.29 (s, 1H) 8.16 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 7.89 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 7.83-7.74 (m, 5H) 7.72 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 7.23 (t, J=56.4 Hz, 1H) 5.36-5.19 (m, 2H) 4.44 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H) 1.44-1.22 (m, 2H) 0.93 (s, 3H), 0.90 (s, 3H) 0.78 (t, J=7.44 Hz, 3H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.95 min., m/z (ES⁺)=524 (M+H⁺)

Example 243: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[7-thiazol-4-yl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.92-12.72 (m, 1H) 9.25 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H) 8.77 (s, 1H) 8.63 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H) 8.28 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H) 8.23 (dd, J=8.7, 1.6 Hz 1H) 8.09 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H) 7.87-7.79 (m, 5H) 7.67 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H) 5.40-5.22 (m, 2H) 4.36 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.94 min., m/z (ES⁺)=543 (M+H⁺)

Example 244: (2S)-2-[[7-(difluoromethyl)-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.87-12.69 (m, 1H) 8.64 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H) 8.29 (s, 1H) 8.16 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 7.89 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 7.82-7.69 (m, 6H) 7.23 (t, J=55.7 Hz, 1H) 5.37-5.19 (m, 2H) 4.34 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.92 min., m/z (ES⁺)=510 (M+H⁺)

Example 245: (2S)-2-[[7-(difluoromethyl)-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.92-12.66 (m, 1H) 8.62 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 8.29 (s, 1H) 8.15 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 7.88 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 7.77-7.72 (m, 2H) 7.67 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H) 7.41 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=55.7 Hz, 1H) 5.29-5.12 (m, 2H) 4.34 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.93 min., m/z (ES⁺)=526 (M+H⁺)

Example 246: (2S)-2-[[7-(difluoromethyl)-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-hexanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.77 (s, 1H) 8.63 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H) 8.29 (s, 1H) 8.16 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 7.90 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 7.82-7.73 (m, 5H) 7.71 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 7.23 (t, J=55.6 Hz, 1H) 5.37-5.21 (m, 2H) 4.43 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H) 1.37-1.14 (m, 4H) 0.95 (s, 3H) 0.92 (s, 3H) 0.81-074 (m, 3H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.99 min., m/z (ES⁺)=538 (M+H⁺)

Example 247: (2S)-2-[[7-bromo-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.83-12.68 (m, 1H) 8.61 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H) 8.14 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H) 7.95 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H) 7.82 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H) 7.73 (dd, J=8.7, 1.8 Hz 1H) 7.67-7.59 (m, 3H) 7.41 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H) 5.27-5.09 (m, 2H) 4.34 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.01 min., m/z (ES⁺)=554 (M+H⁺)

Example 248: (2S)-2-[[7-cyano-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.99-12.69 (m, 1H) 8.68 (br d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 8.53 (s, 1H) 8.20 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 7.97-7.86 (m, 2H) 7.83-7.71 (m, 5H) 5.41-5.19 (m, 2H) 4.31 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.87 min., m/z (ES⁺)=485 (M+H⁺)

Example 249: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.99-12.55 (m, 1H) 8.55 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 7.91 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.86 (s, 1H) 7.75 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.70 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 2H) 7.63 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 7.50-7.40 (m, 3H) 5.29-5.04 (m, 2H) 4.40 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 2.48 (s, 3H) 0.95 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.99 min., m/z (ES⁺)=490 (M+H⁺)

Example 250: (2S)-2-[[7-(difluoromethyl)-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.98-12.59 (m, 1H) 8.61 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 8.29 (s, 1H) 8.16 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.88 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.79-7.71 (m, 2H) 7.68 (d, J=8.19 Hz, 2H) 7.42 (d, J=8.19 Hz, 2H) 7.23 (t, J=55.38 Hz, 1H) 5.30-5.12 (m, 2H) 4.44 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 1.44-1.26 (m, 2H) 0.93 (s, 3H) 0.90 (s, 3H) 0.79 (t, J=7.17 Hz, 3H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.96 min., m/z (ES⁺)=540 (M+H⁺)

Example 251: (2S)-2-[[7-chloro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-ethyl-3-methyl-hexanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.98-12.58 (m, 1H) 8.63-8.55 (m, 1H) 8.06 (d, J=8.96 Hz, 1H) 7.99 (d, J=1.00 Hz, 1H) 7.84 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) 7.71-7.59 (m, 4H) 7.44 (br d, J=8.07 Hz, 2H) 5.29-5.11 (m, 2H) 4.53 (dd, J=8.80, 2.20 Hz, 1H) 1.43-1.11 (m, 6H) 0.93-0.68 (m, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.11 min., m/z (ES⁺)=552 (M+H⁺)

Example 252: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[7-thiazol-4-yl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.08-12.58 (m, 1H) 9.27 (d, J=1.71 Hz, 1H) 8.79 (s, 1H) 8.62 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 8.28 (d, J=1.71 Hz, 1H) 8.23 (dd, J=8.58, 1.60 Hz, 1H) 8.08 (d, J=8.58 Hz, 1H) 7.82 (d, J=8.67 Hz, 1H) 7.75 (d, J=8.51 Hz, 2H) 7.69 (d, J=8.67 Hz, 1H) 7.45 (d, J=8.51 Hz, 2H) 5.34-5.13 (m, 2H) 4.37 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.95 min., m/z (ES⁺)=559 (M+H⁺)

Example 253: (2S)-2-[[7-chloro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-2-(1-ethylcyclopentyl)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.98-12.64 (m, 1H) 8.59 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 8.06 (d, J=8.86 Hz, 1H) 8.02-7.98 (m, 1H) 7.85 (d, J=8.43 Hz, 1H) 7.70-7.60 (m, 4H) 7.44 (d, J=8.32 Hz, 2H) 5.29-5.13 (m, 2H) 4.55 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 1.81-1.69 (m, 2H) 1.59-1.27 (m, 8H) 0.80 (t, J=7.26 Hz, 3H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.09 min., m/z (ES⁺)=550 (M+H⁺)

Example 254: (2S)-2-[[7-cyano-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.42-8.34 (m, 2H) 8.17 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 7.98 (d, J=8.67 Hz, 1H) 7.90 (d, J=8.67 Hz, 1H) 7.86 (dd, J=8.56, 1.53 Hz, 1H) 7.71 (d, J=8.19 Hz, 2H) 7.37 (d, J=8.19 Hz, 2H) 5.46-5.06 (m, 2H) 4.02 (d, J=8.37 Hz, 1H) 0.94 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.88 min., m/z (ES⁺)=501 (M+H⁺)

Example 255: (2S)-2-[[7-chloro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-ethyl-3-methyl-hexanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.93-12.66 (m, 1H) 8.63-8.55 (m, 1H) 8.08 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 1H) 8.01 (d, J=1.96 Hz, 1H) 7.89-7.74 (m, 5H) 7.68-7.61 (m, 2H) 5.37-5.19 (m, 2H) 4.55-4.46 (m, 1H) 1.42-1.12 (m, 6H) 0.91-0.85 (m, 3H) 0.84-0.69 (m, 6H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.10 min., m/z (ES⁺)=536 (M+H⁺)

Example 256: (2S)-2-[[7-bromo-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.95-12.63 (m, 1H) 8.64 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 8.15 (d, J=1.70 Hz, 1H) 7.99 (d, J=8.80 Hz, 1H) 7.88-7.71 (m, 6H) 7.66 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 5.36-5.18 (m, 2H) 4.34 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.00 min., m/z (ES⁺)=538 (M+H⁺)

Example 257: (2S)-2-[[1-(4,4-dimethylpentoxy)-7-methyl-naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid

LCMS Purity: 100%; (M+H⁺) 428.0.

1H NMR: (CDCl3, 400 Hz): ? 12.88 (s, 1H), 8.57 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.09-3.97 (m, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 1.97-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.35 (m, 4H), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.88 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 258: 2S)-2-[[7-chloro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-2-(1-ethylcyclopentyl)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.03-12.59 (m, 1H) 8.60 (d, J=8.63 Hz, 1H) 8.07 (d, J=8.82 Hz, 1H) 8.01 (d, J=1.91 Hz, 1H) 7.89-7.73 (m, 5H) 7.70-7.61 (m, 2H) 5.38-5.19 (m, 2H) 4.53 (d, J=8.63 Hz, 1H) 1.80-1.68 (m, 2H) 1.59-1.26 (m, 8H) 0.79 (t, J=7.21 Hz, 3H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.08 min., m/z (ES⁺)=534 (M+H⁺)

Example 259: (2R)-2-[[7-fluoro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.90-12.61 (m, 1H) 8.61 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 8.16-8.06 (m, 1H) 7.85 (d, J=8.71 Hz, 1H) 7.74-7.63 (m, 3H) 7.61 (d, J=8.71 Hz, 1H) 7.54 (td, J=8.86, 2.67 Hz, 1H) 7.42 (d, J=8.01 Hz, 2H) 5.29-5.10 (m, 2H) 4.36 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.95 min., m/z (ES⁺)=494 (M+H⁺)

Example 260: (2S)-2-[[6-isopropoxy-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.15-12.34 (m, 1H) 8.49 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 7.99 (d, J=9.17 Hz, 1H) 7.84-7.77 (m, 4H) 7.74-7.64 (m, 2H) 7.43 (s, 1H) 7.21 (br d, J=9.17 Hz, 1H) 5.37-5.12 (m, 2H) 4.90-4.67 (m, 1H) 4.34 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 1.35 (d, J=5.87 Hz, 6H) 0.93 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.03 min., m/z (ES⁺)=518 (M+H⁺)

Example 261: (2R)-2-[[7-fluoro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.00-12.54 (m, 1H) 8.62 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 8.17-8.07 (m, 1H) 7.86 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.84-7.75 (m, 4H) 7.71 (dd, J=10.57, 2.6 Hz, 1H) 7.60 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.55 (td, J=8.77, 2.60 Hz, 1H) 5.35-5.18 (m, 2H) 4.35 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.94 min., m/z (ES⁺)=478 (M+H⁺)

Example 262: (2R)-2-[[7-chloro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.93-12.63 (m, 1H) 8.64 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 8.07 (d, J=8.73 Hz, 1H) 8.00 (d, J=2.15 Hz, 1H) 7.85 (d, J=8.48 Hz, 1H) 7.83-7.73 (m, 4H) 7.67-7.62 (m, 2H) 5.38-5.18 (m, 2H) 4.35 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.98 min., m/z (ES⁺)=494 (M+H⁺)

Example 263: (2S)-2-[[5-fluoro-7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.02-12.57 (m, 1H) 8.63 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.84 (d, J=8.67 Hz, 1H) 7.82-7.73 (m, 4H) 7.69 (s, 1H) 7.62 (d, J=8.67 Hz, 1H) 7.34 (d, J=11.24 Hz, 1H) 5.32-5.18 (m, 2H) 4.33 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 2.47 (s, 3H) 0.96 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.99 min., m/z (ES⁺)=492 (M+H⁺)

Example 264: (2R)-2-[[7-(difluoromethyl)-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.51 (br d, J=7.34 Hz, 1H) 8.23 (s, 1H) 8.14 (d, J=8.63 Hz, 1H) 7.91-7.81 (m, 2H) 7.78-7.66 (m, 3H) 7.38 (d, J=8.61 Hz, 2H) 7.20 (t, J=55.69 Hz, 1H) 5.37-5.08 (m, 2H) 4.23 (br d, J=7.34 Hz, 1H) 0.96 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.93 min., m/z (ES⁺)=526 (M+H⁺)

Example 265: (2R)-2-[[7-(difluoromethyl)-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.40-12.17 (m, 1H) 8.59 (br d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 8.26 (s, 1H) 8.16 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 7.89 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 7.82-7.73 (m, 6H) 7.21 (t, J=55.77 Hz, 1H) 5.40-5.18 (m, 2H) 4.30 (br d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 0.97 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.92 min., m/z (ES⁺)=510 (M+H⁺)

Example 266: (2S)-2-[[1-(4,4-dimethylpent-2-ynoxy)-6-fluoro-naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.15-12.58 (m, 1H) 8.45 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 8.28 (dd, J=9.23, 5.69 Hz, 1H) 7.88-7.77 (m, 3H) 7.57 (td, J=8.96, 2.63 Hz, 1H) 4.95-4.78 (m, 2H) 4.37 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 1.06 (s, 9H) 1.00 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.95 min., m/z (ES⁺)=414 (M+H⁺)

Example 267: (2S)-2-[[1-(4,4-dimethylpent-2-ynoxy)naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.10-12.66 (m, 1H) 8.49 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 8.25-8.17 (m, 1H) 8.04-7.97 (m, 1H) 7.87-7.78 (m, 2H) 7.72-7.59 (m, 2H) 4.94-4.80 (m, 2H) 4.38 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 1.07 (s, 9H) 1.02 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.94 min., m/z (ES⁺)=396 (M+H⁺)

Example 268: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-[[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.28-12.04 (m, 1H) 8.57 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 8.24-8.18 (m, 1H) 8.01-7.94 (m, 1H) 7.72 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.66-7.58 (m, 2H) 7.41 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 4.32 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 4.30-4.14 (m, 2H) 1.14-0.99 (m, 13H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.88 min., m/z (ES⁺)=424 (M+H⁺)

Example 269: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.91-12.56 (m, 1H) 8.65-8.56 (m, 2H) 8.20.8.14 (m, 1H) 8.06-8.01 (m, 1H) 7.86 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.68-7.59 (m, 3H) 5.55-5.45 (m, 2H) 4.34 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 1.00 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.86 min., m/z (ES⁺)=467 (M+H⁺)

Example 270: (2S)-2-[[1-(3-cyclopropylprop-2-ynoxy)naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.02-12.69 (m, 1H) 8.46 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 8.18 (dd, J=6.42, 3.36 Hz, 1H) 8.00 (dd, J=6.42, 3.36 Hz, 1H) 7.84-7.77 (m, 2H) 7.68-7.62 (m, 2H) 4.89-4.76 (m, 2H) 4.37 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 1.27-1.09 (m, 1H) 1.06 (s, 9H) 0.74-0.69 (m, 2H) 0.50-0.42 (m, 2H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.81 min., m/z (ES⁺)=380 (M+H⁺)

Example 271: (2S)-2-[[5-fluoro-7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.93-12.63 (m, 1H) 8.62 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 7.85 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 1H) 7.71-7.62 (m, 4H) 7.42 (d, J=8.07 Hz, 2H) 7.34 (d, J=11.62 Hz, 1H) 5.31-5.02 (m, 2H) 4.35 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 2.48 (s, 3H) 0.97 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.01 min., m/z (ES⁺)=508 (M+H⁺)

Example 272: (2S)-2-[[5-fluoro-7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]-naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.76 (br s, 1H) 8.62 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 1H) 7.86 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 1H) 7.83-7.76 (m, 4H) 7.70 (s, 1H) 7.63 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 1H) 7.34 (d, J=11.49 Hz, 1H) 5.34-5.15 (m, 2H) 4.43 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 1H) 2.47 (s, 3H) 1.41-1.14 (m, 2H) 0.92 (s, 3H) 0.89 (s, 3H) 0.78 (t, J=7.46 Hz, 3H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.02 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺)

Example 273: (2S)-2-[[5-fluoro-7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.95-12.59 (m, 1H) 8.60 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 1H) 7.85 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 1H) 7.71-7.62 (m, 4H) 7.43 (d, J=8.07 Hz, 2H) 7.34 (d, J=11.74 Hz, 1H) 5.30.5.08 (m, 2H) 4.43 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 1H) 2.48 (s, 3H) 1.43-1.26 (m, 2H) 0.92 (s, 3H) 0.89 (s, 3H) 0.79 (t, J=7.46 Hz, 3H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.04 min., m/z (ES⁺)=522 (M+H⁺)

Example 274: (2S)-2-[[7-fluoro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid

Step 1. Preparation of methyl (S)-2-(7-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoate

A 25-mL flask equipped with stir bar, static nitrogen line was charged with 7-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoic acid (182 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and EtOAc (4 mL). To this solution was added DIPEA (0.3 mL, 185 mg, 1.435 mmol, 3.5 equiv.), followed by methyl (S)-2-amino-3,3-dimethylpentanoate ((1.15 equiv): 99 mg. 025 mmol, 1.25 equiv.). The solution was cooled in an ice-water bath to 5° C. To this solution was added 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide (T3P, 50 wt % solution in EtOAc, 636 mg, 1.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.) drop-wise using a syringe with cooling in ice-water bath. The reaction flask was removed from the ice bath and the solution allowed to warm to rt after addition and then stirred at rt (overnight) until in-process LCMS indicated a complete reaction (<0.1 A % acid SM). The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (5 mL), washed sequentially with H₂O (3 mL), 1 N H₃PO₄ (2 mL), H₂O (3 mL), NaHCO₃ aqueous (3 mL) and finally brine (5 mL). The organic solution was dried over K₂CO₃ then concentrated. The residue was loaded onto a silica gel column, eluted with 10-20% EtOAc in Heptane, to obtain the title compound as an oil, 207 mg (82% yield).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.63 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Step 2. Preparation of (S)-2-(7-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

A round bottomed flask equipped with a stir bar, temperature controller, heating mantle and static nitrogen line was charged with (2S)-2-[[7-fluoro-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-pentanoic acid (207 mg, 0.409 mmol), THF (3 mL), and MeOH (1.5 mL). A clear light yellow solution formed. 1 N NaOH (2.2 mL, 2.2 mmol, 5 equiv.) was added. The resulting cloudy solution was heated to 50° C. (bath 55° C.) and held until in-process TLC indicated complete reaction (6h, timer). The solution was cooled to rt. EtOAc (5 mL) was added and the biphasic solution stirred vigorously in an ice bath. 1 N HCl (2.5 mL) was added over 5 min and stirred to obtain two clear liquid phases. The aq. phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organics were washed with brine (5 mL) and was then dried with Na₂SO₄. The solution was filtered and concentrated to a gummy residue. The gummy sample was dissolved in 0.5 mL of ether. 5 mL of heptane was added. The solution was evaporated slowly till cloudiness and the solution was stirred at rt until lots of white precipitate formed. The precipitate was collected via suction filtration and further dried to obtain 200 mg (99%) of a white crystalline solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.30 (m, 1H), 8.06 (m, 1H), 7.90-7.88 (m, 1H), 8.06 (m, 2H), 7.65 (m, 3H), 7.38-7.33 (m, 1H), 5.22 (dd, 1.2 Hz, 11.2 Hz, 2H), 1.33-1.27 (m, 3H), 0.92 (s, 3H), 0.88 (s, 3H), 0.81 (m, 2H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.51 min., m/z (ES⁺)=492 (M+H⁺).

Examples 275 through 285 exemplified below were synthesized in a manner analogous to Example 274 described above using the appropriate intermediates and starting materials/reagents

Example 275: 3,3-Dimethyl-2-{[7-methyl-1-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-naphthalene-2-carbonyl]-amino}-pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.43-8.41 (m, 1H), 8.06 (m, 1H), 8.05-8.03 (m, 1H), 7.89 (m, 2H), 7.71 (m, 3H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 5.24 (dd, 1.2 Hz, 11.2 Hz, 2H), 4.72 (d, 12 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 1.33-1.27 (m, 2H), 0.92 (s, 3H), 0.88 (s, 3H), 0.81 (m, 3H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.56 min., m/z (ES⁺)=488 (M+H⁺).

Example 276: 3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-methyl-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.46-8.44 (m, 1H), 8.05-8.03 (m, 1H), 7.84-7.59 (m, 4H), 7.69-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.25 (m, 2H), 5.24 (dd, 1.2 Hz, 11.2 Hz, 2H), 4.72 (d, 12 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.33-1.27 (m, 2H), 0.92 (s, 3H), 0.88 (s, 3H), 0.81 (m, 3H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.58 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 277: (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.46-8.44 (m, 1H), 8.05-8.03 (m, 1H), 7.84-7.59 (m, 4H), 7.69-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.25 (m, 2H), 5.24 (dd, 1.2 Hz, 11.2 Hz, 2H), 4.71 (d, 8 Hz, 1H), 1.33-1.27 (m, 2H), 0.92 (s, 3H), 0.88 (s, 3H), 0.81 (m, 3H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.60 min., m/z (ES⁺)=524 (M+H⁺).

Example 278: (S)-2-(6-fluoro-7-methyl-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.36 (m, 1H), 8.05 (m, 1H), 7.83 (m, 1H), 7.68 (m, 3H), 7.66 (m, 1H), 7.62 (m, 1H), 5.37 (m, 2H), 4.71 (d, 12 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (t, 4 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (s, 9H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.53 min., m/z (ES⁺)=492 (M+H⁺).

Example 279: (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-[[7-methyl-1-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]naphthalene-2-carbonyl]amino]butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.11-12.49 (m, 1H) 8.57 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 7.91 (d, J=8.38 Hz, 1H) 7.85 (s, 1H) 7.84-7.73 (m, 5H) 7.62 (d, J=8.44 Hz, 1H) 7.47 (dd, J=8.38, 1.41 Hz, 1H) 5.34-5.17 (m, 2H) 4.35 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H) 2.47 (s, 3H) 0.95 (s, 9H)

LCMS: t_(R)=0.98 min., m/z (ES⁺)=474 (M+H⁺)

Example 280: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-methyl-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.48 (m, 1H), 8.20 (m, 1H), 7.75-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.68 (m, 1H), 7.6 (m, 2H), 7.40 (m, 1H), 7.25 (m, 1H), 5.75-5.17 (m, 2H), 4.75 (m, 1H), 2.48 (bs, 3H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.09 (m, 6H), 0.94 (m, 3H)

LCMS: t_(R)=1.58 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 281: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-7-methyl-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.62 (m, 1H), 8.04-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.75 (d, 8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, 8 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (m, 1H), 4.86 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.77 (m, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.19 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.16 (m, 5H), 1.09 (m, 6H), 0.94 (m, 3H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.67 min., m/z (ES⁺)=426 (M+H⁺).

Example 282: (S)-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-7-methyl-2-naphthamido)-4-fluoro-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ8.80 (m, 1H), 8.02-7.97 (m, 2H), 7.74 (d, 8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, 8 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.38 (m, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.17 (m, 2H), 2.01 (m, 1H) 1.90-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.17-1.11 (m, 12H), 0.87 (m, 3H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.55 min., m/z (ES⁺)=430 (M+H⁺).

Example 283: (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ8.28 (m, 1H), 8.03 (m, 2H), 7.74 (m, 1H), 7.61 (m, 4H), 7.50 (m, 1H), 5.35 (m, 1H), 5.04 (m, 1H), 1.42-1.19 (m, 4H), 0.88 (m, 6H), 0.77 (m, 3H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.57 min., m/z (ES⁺)=508 (M+H⁺).

Example 284: (R)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-methyl-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido) butanoic acid

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 13.09 (b, 1H), 8.50 (m, 1H), 7.92-7.45 (m, 8H), 5.34-5.17 (m, 2H), 4.31 (m, 1H), 2.46 (bs, 3H), 0.95 (s, 9H).

LCMS: t_(R)=1.51 min., m/z (ES⁺)=474 (M+H⁺).

Example 285: (R)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 12.88-12.72 (m, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=8.51 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.81 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=2.12 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H), 7.68-7.61 (m, 4H), 7.42 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 2H), 5.20 (dd, J=38.60, 11.68 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (d, J=8.51 Hz, 1H), 0.98 (s, 9H)

LCMS: tR=1.01 min., m/z (ES⁺)=510 (M+H⁺)

Example 286: (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

Step 1. Preparation of methyl (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3 dimethylbutanoate

7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthoic acid (255 mg, 669.74 μmol) was suspended in ethyl acetate (6 ml). To this was then added methyl (S)-2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (116.70 mg, 803.68 μmol) and Hunig's Base (467.90 μl, 2.68 mmol). Cooled to 5° C. and added a solution of 1-propanephosphonic anhydride (639.29 μl, 1.00 mmol). Stirred at RT overnight. LC/MS analysis indicated that the reaction was complete. Reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. Purified on combiflash (SiO₂, 12 g) using a 0-25% Ethyl Acetate/heptanes gradient to provide methyl (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (296 mg, 87.0% yield) as an oil.

LCMS: tR=1.65 min., m/z (ES⁺)=508 (M+H⁺).

Step 2: Preparation of (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

A 2 M solution of lithium hydroxide (2.91 ml, 5.83 mmol) in water was added to a stirring solution of methyl (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (296 mg, 582.75 μmol) in a mixture of 1,4-dioxane (6 ml, 70.14 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT overnight. LC/MS analysis indicated that the reaction was not complete. Stirred at 50° C. for 6 hours. Cooled to RT, then neutralized with 1N HCl until pH was about 4-5, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrate. Purified on combiflash (SiO₂, 12 g) using a 0-10% MeOH (1% formic acid)/CH₂Cl₂ gradient to provide (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid (181 mg, 366.47 μmol, 62.9% yield) as a solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.30 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (m, 2H), 7.83 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (m, 4H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 5.36 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 0.98 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.64.

LCMS: tR=1.53 min., m/z (ES⁺)=494 (M+H⁺).

Examples 287 through 314 exemplified below were synthesized in a manner analogous to Example 286 described above using the appropriate intermediates and starting materials/reagents.

Example 287: (R)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-7-(trifluoromethyl)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.47-8.29 (m, 2H), 8.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=8.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.21 (m, 2H), 5.34 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 1.04 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −57.9, −62.6.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.54 min., m/z (ES⁺)=544 (M+H⁺).

Example 288: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-methyl-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (m, 7H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (d, J=1.40-1.19 (m, 2H), 0.97-0.74 (m, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.60.

LCMS: tR=1.57 min., m/z (ES⁺)=488 (M+H⁺)

Example 289: (R)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-methyl-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.48 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (m, 3H), 5.28 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 9H).

LCMS: tR=1.59 min., m/z (ES⁺)=524 (M+H⁺).

Example 290: (2S)-3-ethyl-2-(7-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-methylhexanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.35 (dd, J=8.6, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (dd, J=8.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (dd, J=9.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (m, 4H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 5.29 (m, 1H), 5.01 (dd, J=11.7, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (m, 7H), 0.80 (m, 8H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −57.9, −112.0.

LCMS: tR=1.62 min., m/z (ES⁺)=536 (M+H⁺).

Example 291: (2S)-3-ethyl-2-(7-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3-methylhexanoic acid

1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.31 (dd, J=8.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (dd, J=8.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (dd, J=9.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (m, 6H), 7.36 (ddd, J=8.8, 8.2, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (m, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.29 (m, 7H), 0.80 (m, 8H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.7, −111.8.

LCMS: tR=1.61 min., m/z (ES⁺)=520 (M+H⁺).

Example 292: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-7-(trifluoromethyl)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.35 (m, 2H), 8.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (m, 2H), 7.51 (m, 2H), 7.23 (m, 2H), 5.33 (t, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.04 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −57.9, −62.6.

LCMS: tR=1.55 min., m/z (ES⁺)=544 (M+H⁺).

Example 293: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-(trifluoromethyl)-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.32 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 2H), 8.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (dd, J=8.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (m, 3H), 5.40 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.03 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6, −62.7.

LCMS: tR=1.53 min., m/z (ES⁺)=528 (M+H⁺).

Example 294 3,3-Dimethyl-2-{[7-methyl-1-(4-methyl-pentyloxy)-naphthalene-2-carbonyl]-amino}-pentanoic acid

1H NMR: (DMSO-d6, 400 Hz): 612.82 (b, 1H), 8.56 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (s, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.09-3.97 (m, 3H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 1.99-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.58 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.33 (m, 2H), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.92 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 6H), 0.88 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H) ppm.

tR=1.80, m/z (ES⁺)=414 (M+H⁺).

Example 295: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-(trifluoromethyl)-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.38-8.17 (m, 3H), 8.00 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (m, 5H), 5.40 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.33 (m, 2H), 0.91 (m, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.8, −62.6.

LCMS: tR=1.57 min., m/z (ES⁺)=542 (M+H⁺).

Example 296: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-7-(trifluoromethyl)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.29 (m, 3H), 7.98 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (m, 2H), 7.53 (m, 2H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 5.32 (m, 1H), 4.97 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (m, 2H), 0.92 (m, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −58.0, −62.7.

LCMS: tR=1.69 min., m/z (ES⁺)=558 (M+H⁺).

Example 297. (S)-2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-2-(1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-7-(trifluoromethyl)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.40 (m, 2H), 8.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.85-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.53 (m, 2H), 7.23 (m, 1H), 5.32 (m, 1H), 5.07 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.89 (dt, J=10.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 0.70 (dt, J=9.9, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 0.50 (dt, J=9.1, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 0.35 (ddd, J=9.1, 5.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −57.9, −62.6.

LCMS: tR=1.51 min., m/z (ES⁺)=542 (M+H⁺).

Example 298: (S)-2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-2-(7-(trifluoromethyl)-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.37 (m, 2H), 8.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (m, 5H), 5.40 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 0.90 (m, 4H), 0.70 (dt, J=10.1, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 0.50 (dt, J=9.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 0.33 (ddd, J=9.2, 5.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6, −62.7.

LCMS: tR=1.49 min., m/z (ES⁺)=526 (M+H⁺).

Example 299: (S)-2-(1-methylcyclobutyl)-2-(7-(trifluoromethyl)-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.23 (m, 3H), 7.99 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (m, 5H), 5.40 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (q, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.09 (m, 1H), 1.86 (m, 3H), 1.59 (ddt, J=11.7, 8.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 1.07 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 3H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6, −62.8.

LCMS: tR=1.54 min., m/z (ES⁺)=540 (M+H⁺).

Example 300: (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-methylcyclobutyl)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.12 (dd, J=15.4, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 8.02 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (m, 4H), 7.52 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (m, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (m, 1H), 2.06 (m, 1H), 1.81 (m, 3H), 1.56 (ddd, J=12.1, 8.2, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.01 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6.

LCMS: tR=1.55 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 301: (S)-2-(1-methylcyclopentyl)-2-(7-(trifluoromethyl)-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.28 (m, 3H), 7.99 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (m, 6H), 5.40 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (dt, J=12.8, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 1.64 (m, 5H), 1.35 (m, 2H), 0.93 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6, −62.8.

LCMS: tR=1.58 min., m/z (ES⁺)=554 (M+H⁺).

Example 302: (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-methylcyclopentyl)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.30 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (m, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (m, 5H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.79 (dt, J=12.7, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (m, 5H), 1.31 (m, 2H), 0.87 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6.

LCMS: tR=1.59 min., m/z (ES⁺)=520 (M+H⁺).

Example 303: (S)-2-(5-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-2-(1-methylcyclopentyl)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.29 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J=8.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (m, 1H), 7.69 (s, 4H), 7.47 (td, J=8.1, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 5.33 (m, 1H), 5.14 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (m, 1H), 1.81 (tt, J=7.8, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (m, 5H), 1.03 (m, 5H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.7, −120.8.

LCMS: tR=1.54 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 304: (S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-(trifluoromethyl)-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)hexanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.33 (m, 2H), 8.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.73 (dd, J=8.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (m, 4H), 5.40 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (dt, J=8.8, 4.1 Hz, 5H), 0.97 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 5H), 0.81 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 3H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.7, −62.8.

LCMS: tR=1.61 min., m/z (ES⁺)=556 (M+H⁺).

Example 305: (R)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-methyl-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.43 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (m, 1H), 7.81 (m, 2H), 7.67 (m, 4H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (m, 1H), 5.08 (m, 1H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 1.28 (m, 2H), 1.00-0.65 (m, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.56 min., m/z (ES⁺)=488 (M+H⁺).

Example 306: (S)-2-(7-chloro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylhexanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.30 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 4H), 7.52 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 5.08 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 4.72 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.25 (m, 5H), 0.93 (m, 5H), 0.80 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 3H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.7.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.62 min., m/z (ES⁺)=522 (M+H⁺).

Example 307: (R)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-(trifluoromethyl)-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)butanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.31 (m, 2H), 8.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (m, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (m, 4H), 5.41 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 2H), 4.70 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 1.03 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6, −62.8.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.52 min., m/z (ES⁺)=528 M+H⁺).

Example 308: (S)-2-(7-methoxy-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (m, 4H), 7.25 (m, 1H), 5.39 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 1.01 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.45 min., m/z (ES⁺)=490 (M+H⁺).

Example 309: (S)-2-(7-methoxy-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.41 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (m, 4H), 7.25 (m, 2H), 5.39 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 1.34 (m, 2H), 0.89 (m, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.50 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 310: (S)-2-(7-methoxy-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.47 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (m, 1H), 7.58 (m, 2H), 7.24 (m, 3H), 5.33 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −57.9.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.47 min., m/z (ES⁺)=506 (M+H⁺).

Example 311: (S)-2-(7-methoxy-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.44 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (m, 2H), 7.23 (m, 4H), 5.33 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 1.36 (m, 2H), 0.95 (d, J=18.1 Hz, 6H), 0.85 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −57.9.

LCMS: t_(R)=1.52 min., m/z (ES⁺)=520 (M+H⁺).

Example 312: (R)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(7-methyl-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)pentanoic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.45 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (m, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (m, 1H), 7.28 (m, 1H), 5.29 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.32 (m, 2H), 0.90 (m, 6H), 0.81 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −57.9

LCMS: t_(R)=1.58 min., m/z (ES⁺)=504 (M+H⁺).

Example 313: (S)-2-(1-ethylcyclopentyl)-2-(7-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.32 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (dd, J=9.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (m, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (m, 5H), 5.30 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 1.65 (ddd, J=22.7, 13.2, 6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.37 (p, J=6.9 Hz, 8H), 0.83 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −57.9, −112.0.

LCMS: tR=1.60 min., m/z (ES⁺)=534 (M+H⁺).

Example 314: (S)-2-(1-ethylcyclopentyl)-2-(7-fluoro-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)-2-naphthamido)acetic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.28 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (dd, J=9.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (m, 6H), 7.37 (m, 1H), 5.36 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.48 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 6H), 1.30 (m, 4H), 0.81 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

¹⁹F NMR (377 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.6, −111.8.

LCMS: tR=1.58 min., m/z (ES⁺)=518 (M+H⁺).

Biological Assays

Example 315: H441 Cell Emax and EC50 Cells

Two cell lines were used, the H441 carcinoma line and the CFHBE41o- (41o-) human bronchial epithelial line. Both cell lines expressed human Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) harboring the ΔF508 mutation and with an in-frame fusion in CFTR extracellular loop 4 of Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) under control of the CMV promoter. In the presence of the HRP tag, ΔF508-CFTR transported to the cell surface was detectable upon addition of an HRP substrate (Luminata Forte). Both cell types were cultivated at 37° C. with CO₂.

The H441 cells were cultured in medium containing: 500 mls RPMI GIBCO 22400; 50 mls FBS GIBCO, 16000; 4.4 mls DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium GIBCO 14190 containing G418 AGScientific G1033 added to 50 mg/ml; and 5.5 mls Penicillin/Streptomycin 100X solution, Corning, 30-002-CL.

The 41o-cells were cultured in medium containing: 500 mls MEM (1×,) GIBCO, 11095; 50 mls FBS (Tet System) Clontech 631106; 5.5 mls Hepes (1M) GIBCO 15630; 5 mls GlutaMAX (100X) GIBCO 35050; 1.2 mls Puromycin (10 mg/ml) Invivogen ant-pr; and 2.2 mls of 50 mg/ml G418 solution.

The 41o-cells were grown on Becton/Dickinson Biocoat (collagen) T175 flasks or house-coated (see below) 2-stack or 5-stack tissue culture hotels. The house-coat contained 48 mls (240 mls) LHC Basal Medium GIBCO 12677019; 67 μls (335 μls) BSA Fraction V (7.5%) Sigma A8412-100; 1.5 mls (7.5 mls) 0.1% collagen SIGMA; and 0.5 mls (2.5 mls) human plasma fibronectin (1 mg/ml) GIBCO 3306-015 in sterile H₂O. The house-coat was poured on to the growing surface of the plasticware to ensure coverage, poured off and incubated at 37° C. overnight (O/N) or longer.

For both cell types, the medium was changed every other day unless the culture was at low % confluence. Cells were used for the assays at ˜75% confluence.

Assay

DMSO/Compound Dilutions Plate for 15-Point Dose-Response Testing

To a polypropylene (PP) 384-well plate, 15 pls DMSO was added to all wells in columns 1-22 and 24 (low Control). 15 μls of 260 μM VX809 (Lumacaftor), Selleckchem S1565, was added to column 23 wells (high Control). 15 pls of 10 mM test compound or VX809 (control) were added to wells of row A. Serial dilutions of Row A compound were performed 2X 15 pls in rows A through 0 (15-point).

Medium Dilution Plate

A PP, 384-well plate containing the appropriate cell culture medium was prepared for each assay plate with 100 pls per well. For the doxycycline-induced 41o-cells, doxycycline for both the assay plate and the medium dilution plate was added at 0.0005 mg/ml to the medium.

Assay Plate

Both cell lines were plated for the assay at 30 pls per 384-well at 3.4×10e⁵ cells per ml (˜10K cells/well). H441 cells were plated on opaque, white, Corning plate 3704. 41o-cells were plated on collagen-coated opaque, white, Corning plate 356665. For 41o-cells, doxycycline was added to the medium.

Compound Addition/Assay Incubation

Using FX (Beckman) protocol, 10 pls diluted compound or medium was added per well to the Assay Plate as: 2 pls DMSO Dilution plate well was diluted in 100 pls of the Medium Dilution Plate well, mixed, and 10 pls was transferred to the Assay Plate.

The final assay dilution series was 24.5, 12.3, 6.1, 3.1, 1.5, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, 0.006, 0.003, 0.001 and 0 μM. The 41o-assay plates were incubated at 37° C. w/CO₂, the H441 assay plates were incubated at 27° C. w/CO2, each overnight for two nights.

Assay Result Determination

After being brought to room temperature, the assay plate liquid was removed. 30 uls of Luminata Forte (Millipore ELLUF0100) was added per well and incubated at room temperature for 10 min. The plates were then read on a Topcount, protocol LumiMatti (CPS, luminescence). The data was analyzed for % of maximum, maximum VX809 signal, and EC50 using Pearl and SPEED tools.

Example 316: TECC24 AUC Fold Over DMSO @ 10 uM

The effects of a test agent on CFTR-mediated transepithelial chloride transport was measured using TECC24 recording analysis. Test agents were solubilized in DMSO. Solubilized test agents were mixed with incubation medium containing DMEM/F12, Ultroser G (2%; Crescent Chemical, catalog #67042), Hyclone Fetal Clone II (2%; GE Healthcare, catalog #SH30066.02), bovine brain extract (0.25%; Lonza, catalog #CC-4098), insulin (2.5 μg/mL), IL-13 (10 ng/mL), hydrocortisone (20 nM), transferrin (2.5 μg/mL), triiodothyronine (500 nM), ethanolamine (250 nM), epinephrine (1.5 μM), phosphoethanolamine (250 nM), and retinoic acid (10 nM). Primary human bronchial epithelial cells from a ΔF508 homozygous CF donor (CF-HBE cells; from University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Tissue Procurement Center), grown on Transwell HTS 24-well cell culture inserts (Costar, catalog #3378), were exposed to test agents or controls dissolved in incubation medium. The CF-HBE cells were cultured at 36.5° C. for 48 hours before TECC24 recordings were performed in the presence or absence of test agent, a positive control or vehicle (DMSO).

Following incubation, the transwell cell culture inserts containing the test agent or control-treated CF-HBE cells were loaded onto a TECC24 apparatus (TECC v7 or MTECC v2; EP Design) to record the transepithelial voltage (VT) and resistance (TEER) using 4 AgCl electrodes per well configured in current-clamp mode. The apical and basolateral bath solutions both contained (in mM) 140 NaCl, 5 KCl, 2 CaCl₂), 1 MgCl₂, 10 Hepes, and 10 glucose (adjusted to pH 7.4 with NaOH). To inhibit basal Na+ absorption, the ENaC inhibitor benzamil (10 μM) was added to the bath. Then, the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin (10 μM), was added to the bath to activate CFTR. The forskolin-stimulated Cl-transport was halted by addition of CFTR inhibitor-172 (20 μM) to the bath at the end of the experiment to confirm specificity. VT and TEER recordings were digitally acquired at routine intervals using TECC or MTECC software (EP Design). VT and TEER were transformed into equivalent transepithelial Cl-current (IEQ), and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the IEQ time course between forskolin and CFTR inhibitor-172 addition was generated using Excel (Microsoft). Efficacy is expressed as the ratio of the test agent AUC divided by vehicle AUC. EC50s based on AUC are generated using the non-linear regression log(agonist) vs. response function in Prism software (GraphPad) with Hill Slope fixed=1.

If a test agent increased the AUC of the forskolin-stimulated IEQ relative to vehicle in CF-HBE cells, and this increase was inhibited by CFTR inhibitor-172, then the test agent was considered a CFTR corrector.

Data for Examples 1-314 are provided in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 TECC24* H441 cell H441 cell AUC fold over EXAMPLE Emax EC50 DMSO No. (%) (μM) @10 μM 1 164.5 0.7 B 2 151.3 4.8 C 3 18.1 2.2 ND 4 37.2 0.7 ND 5 100.0 0.8 C 6 NA ND ND 7 51.9 2.4 ND 8 NA ND ND 9 88.4 1.1 C 10 ND ND C 11 160.3 0.5 C 12 NA ND ND 13 81.3 1.2 C 14 103.4 0.1 B 15 48.4 1.7 ND 16 ND ND C 17 63.9 0.7 C 18 NA ND ND 19 48.3 21.9 C 20 NA ND ND 21 NA ND ND 22 63.6 0.3 C 23 29.2 9.8 ND 24 66.1 1.1 C 25 287.3 0.5 C 26 98.8 4.6 C 27 134.3 0.6 B 28 70.2 4.9 C 29 27.8 24.5 ND 30 57.5 2.0 C 31 77.1 8.0 C 32 44.3 1.5 ND 33 NA ND ND 34 78.4 3.8 ND 35 86.4 0.6 A 36 133.3 0.7 B 37 195.1 0.3 C 38 80.8 1.1 ND 39 60.7 15.4 ND 40 100.3 0.3 C 41 112.4 3.7 C 42 NA ND ND 43 ND ND ND 44 19.9 5.1 ND 45 94.7 1.8 C 46 26.9 3.5 ND 47 116.9 0.9 C 48 111.7 0.7 C 49 33.5 1.5 ND 50 57.8 0.4 C 51 199.5 0.4 C 52 91.4 7.3 C 53 19.8 22.9 ND 54 56.1 2.4 ND 55 114.9 0.6 B 56 127.1 1.7 C 57 87.9 1.5 C 58 139.0 2.8 C 59 108.2 1.9 C 60 90.3 1.6 C 61 132.1 2.7 C 62 NA ND ND 63 43.6 1.5 ND 64 106.0 0.6 C 65 8.7 4.4 ND 66 12.8 2.1 ND 67 111.8 0.8 A 68 104.3 1.9 C 69 57.7 0.4 C 70 272.1 0.8 C 71 NA ND ND 72 143.7 3.7 C 73 88.6 0.6 C 74 216.3 0.8 A 75 94.2 0.7 B 76 58.3 7.1 ND 77 78.9 0.7 C 78 241.8 0.4 A 79 9.1 2.5 ND 80 194.6 0.4 C 81 91.9 0.7 A 82 90.4 1.3 C 83 58.9 1.4 ND 84 80.5 0.5 B 85 53.0 1.6 ND 86 108.1 5.6 C 87 102.7 2.1 C 88 64.4 7.3 C 89 47.6 1.4 C 90 NA ND ND 91 44.3 16.4 ND 92 52.6 14.0 ND 93 13.1 ND C 94 NA ND C 95 29.3 16.0 C 96 NA ND C 97 1.1 ND C 98 6.0 ND ND 99 83.1 5.7 C 100 NA ND ND 101 79.1 6.7 ND 102 33.7 8.0 ND 103 22.4 24.5 ND 104 77.8 7.7 C 105 18.8 24.5 ND 106 82.1 10.4 C 107 63.4 10.9 NA 108 4.7 ND ND 109 52.7 14.2 ND 110 83.1 2.1 B 111 93.1 2.3 B 112 58.1 1.9 ND 113 58.2 3.7 ND 114 86.1 2.6 C 115 84.0 1.1 C 116 51.4 1.2 C 117 47.0 1.6 ND 118 71.0 2.8 ND 119 37.1 0.8 A 120 23.1 24.5 ND 121 3.7 0.2 ND 122 24.5 0.3 ND 123 4.0 ND ND 124 10.5 1.3 ND 125 31.5 20.3 ND 126 214.5 0.1 B 127 98.5 1.1 C 128 158.3 0.5 A 129 29.4 12.0 C 130 196.0 0.2 C 131 204.1 0.1 C 132 49.2 11.6 ND 133 151.2 1.2 A 134 84.9 1.0 C 135 93.5 4.7 C 136 73.6 8.1 C 137 38.4 16.4 ND 138 22.4 16.4 C 139 118.3 1.4 C 140 82.9 5.7 C 141 147.4 2.3 A 142 86.9 2.2 C 143 134.6 1.9 B 144 139.8 4.5 ND 145 72.6 12.0 NA 146 62.2 17.4 ND 147 68.9 16.8 ND 148 65.2 18.3 ND 149 NA ND ND 150 82.5 10.9 C 151 68.7 13.4 ND 152 122.2 7.2 C 153 73.5 1.5 B 154 118.2 1.9 A 155 60.7 4.1 C 156 51.7 1.9 ND 157 55.0 7.1 ND 158 13.0 24.5 ND 159 22.8 6.7 ND 160 47.2 3.3 ND 161 47.7 3.2 ND 162 26.0 1.6 ND 163 138.0 0.7 C 164 112.1 0.6 C 165 113.4 3.4 C 166 6.6 ND ND 167 63.5 1.2 C 168 156.8 0.8 B 169 137.7 0.4 B 170 142.8 5.0 C 171 16.4 24.5 ND 172 62.7 0.5 C 173 163.5 0.7 B 174 117.0 0.3 C 175 152.0 3.0 C 176 38.4 24.5 ND 177 64.7 0.7 C 178 149.6 0.9 C 179 102.6 3.4 C 180 70.7 10.0 ND 181 93.2 13.7 ND 182 31.4 4.0 ND 183 63.9 3.2 ND 184 11.7 ND ND 185 14.0 24.5 ND 186 46.6 2.7 ND 187 70.8 11.4 ND 188 NA ND C 189 14.3 2.4 C 190 17.9 7.0 ND 191 NA ND NA 192 10.6 ND ND 193 NA ND ND 194 NA ND C 195 214.1 1.5 C 196 100.8 0.3 C 197 80.8 11.5 B 198 94.4 1.5 A 199 129.4 0.5 C 200 65.4 20.5 ND 201 134.9 4.1 C 202 111.8 4.1 C 203 101.3 0.8 C 204 6.8 ND ND 205 92.2 4.8 C 206 4.7 ND C 207 40.4 20.4 ND 208 154.5 1.5 C 209 71.0 0.4 C 210 38.8 4.3 C 211 NA ND C 212 140.7 1.2 C 213 87.2 13.1 ND 214 112.1 3.4 C 215 89.9 5.7 ND 216 115.2 0.9 C 217 65.8 15.9 C 218 86.8 4.8 C 219 191.3 0.4 A 220 9.3 ND ND 221 125.1 1.2 A 222 153.9 2.9 A 223 112.1 0.8 B 224 119.4 12.8 ND 225 97.0 12.2 A 226 138.7 0.4 B 227 160.3 1.3 C 228 214.8 2.0 A 229 176.6 1.8 ND 230 151.9 0.6 A 231 70.1 7.8 C 232 8.5 3.1 ND 233 156.5 12.2 A 234 139.9 1.3 A 235 210.7 15.2 ND 236 129.8 1.0 B 237 274.6 0.1 A 238 143.4 0.8 C 239 235.4 0.3 A 240 122.2 0.8 C 241 236.3 0.1 A 242 368.4 0.1 A 243 158.6 0.5 A 244 364.8 0.1 A 245 284.4 0.1 A 246 441.5 0.1 A 247 224.0 0.1 A 248 206.2 1.5 A 249 304.8 0.2 A 250 269.7 0.1 A 251 266.7 0.1 A 252 109.9 0.6 A 253 238.9 0.0 A 254 176.1 0.7 A 255 324.5 0.1 A 256 295.9 0.1 A 257 369.1 0.6 A 258 263.9 0.0 A 259 63.7 1.7 A 260 70.2 1.5 C 261 68.4 0.9 A 262 132.5 1.1 A 263 249.7 0.1 A 264 70.7 1.8 B 265 96.2 0.6 C 266 149.1 5.4 ND 267 287.6 3.4 ND 268 74.0 15.4 ND 269 60.6 8.5 ND 270 165.9 12.2 ND 271 261.1 0.2 ND 272 391.5 0.2 ND 273 339.4 0.1 ND 274 194.8 0.2 A 275 322.4 0.2 A 276 308.9 0.3 A 277 186.3 0.1 A 278 248.1 0.2 A 279 348.2 0.1 A 280 308.9 0.3 A 281 246.2 0.7 A 282 284.7 0.7 A 283 313.1 0.2 A 284 172.8 0.5 C 285 99.1 0.8 C 286 353.1 0.1 A 287 57.1 0.3 C 288 403.9 0.1 A 289 109.3 1.5 C 290 224.9 0.2 A 291 260.1 0.4 A 292 219.4 0.2 A 293 327.0 0.3 A 294 281.2 1.0 A 295 229.2 0.1 A 296 185.7 0.2 A 297 137.1 0.5 A 298 153.0 0.7 A 299 227.1 0.2 A 300 231.9 0.2 A 301 217.4 0.1 A 302 247.9 0.1 A 303 174.3 0.7 B 304 249.1 0.1 A 305 ND ND A 306 417.1 0.1 A 307 81.1 0.6 C 308 407.6 0.5 A 309 349.1 0.3 A 310 298.6 0.6 A 311 344.9 0.5 A 312 127.3 2.2 B 313 152.5 0.3 A 314 232.6 0.4 A NA = Not active ND = Not determined; “A” refers to AUC @10 uM >6; “B” refers to AUC @10 uM between 4-6; “C” refers to AUC @10 uM <4.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In case of conflict, the present application, including any definitions herein, will control.

EQUIVALENTS

While specific embodiments of the subject disclosure have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the claims below. The full scope of the disclosure should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations. 

1. A compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is

wherein * marks the point of attachment to Y and ** marks the point of attachment to —C(O)—; Z¹, Z⁴, and Z⁵ are each independently N or CR⁶; Z² and Z³ are each independently CR₂ or N; Y is —O—, a bond, —NR³—, —S—, or —C(R⁴)₂—; E is C₁₋₆-alkyl, C₂₋₆-alkynyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₄₋₉-cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀-aryl, 3-10 membered heteroaryl, or 3-9 membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five occurrences of R⁵; V is —C(O)—O—R⁷; R¹ is

 wherein R^(a) is hydrogen, halo or C₁₋₆ alkyl, R^(b) is hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —OH, —CN, halo C₁₋₆ alkyl, thioC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆alkylaryl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆alkyl, or —S—C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five occurrences of R⁹; R^(c) is C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, arylC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 3-10 membered heteroaryl, or 3-9 membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally and independently substituted with one, two, three, four, or five occurrences of R¹⁰; R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, an aryl or a C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl ring, or R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a bridged C₅₋₉ cycloalkyl; each R² is independently hydrogen, halo, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O-haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₂₋₆ alkenyl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl; R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; each R⁵ is independently halo, —CN, —NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxyC₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₂₋₆-alkenyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —C(O)—O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —SF₅, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆alkyl, —S(O)₂—C₁₋₆haloalkyl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl; or two R⁵ moieties, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 3-8 membered heterocycloalkyl ring, wherein each heterocycloalkyl is substituted with one, two, or three occurrences of R⁸; each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, halo, or C₁₋₆-alkyl; R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆-alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or benzyl; each R⁸ is independently hydrogen, halo or C₁₋₆-alkyl; each R⁹ is independently hydrogen, halo, C₁₋₆-alkyl, haloC₁₋₆-alkyl, or C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl; each R¹⁰ is independently hydrogen, halo, —CN, —OH, C₁₋₆-alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —O-haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₂₋₆-alkenyl, C₁₋₄-alkylaryl, —O—C₁₋₆-alkylaryl, —O—C₁₋₆alkyl-O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₆ alkyl, —S—C₁₋₆alkyl, —N═(NH₂)₂, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl; and m is 0, 1, or 2; provided that when R² is hydrogen, R^(a) is hydrogen, and R^(b) is hydrogen or methyl, then R^(c) is not C₁₋₂ alkyl, halo C₁₋₂ alkyl, or 5-membered heteroaryl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z¹ is N; Z² and Z³ are each independently CR²; and Z⁴ and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z² is N; Z³ is CR²; and Z¹, Z⁴ and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z³ is N; Z² is CR²; and Z¹, Z⁴, and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z⁴ is N; Z² and Z³ are each independently CR²; and Z¹ and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z^(t) and Z³ are each N; Z² is CR²; and Z⁴ and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or fluoro.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁶ is fluoro.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is —O—.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is hydrogen or methyl.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁷ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or t-butyl.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁷ is hydrogen.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein E is C₂₋₆-alkynyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀-aryl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl.
 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein E is isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, bicycloheptenyl, —O-benzyl, —CH₂—S—CH₃, —CO₂t-butyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzthiazolyl, benzodioxolyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, or pyridyl.
 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein E is cyclohexyl, phenyl or benzthiazolyl.
 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(a) is hydrogen, methyl, or fluoro.
 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(a) is hydrogen.
 19. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(b) is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, —CF₃, —OH, fluoro, or phenyl.
 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(b) is hydrogen, methyl, or fluoro.
 21. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(b) is hydrogen.
 22. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(c) is methyl, ethyl, ethenyl, ethynyl, butyl, t-butyl, —CF₃, fluoro, —OH, —OMe, —O-t-butyl, —O-benzyl, —CH₂—O—CH₃, —S-methyl, —S-cyclopropyl, —S-cyclopentyl, —S-bicycloheptanyl, —SO₂Me, cyclopentyl, phenyl, benzodioxolyl, indolyl, imidzolyl, or thiophenyl.
 23. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(c) is ethyl, ethynyl, t-butyl, —O-t-butyl, —O-benzyl, —S-methyl, fluoro, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl.
 24. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(c) is t-butyl, —O-benzyl, —S-methyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl.
 25. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, bicyclohexyl, bicycloheptyl or dihydroindenyl.
 26. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
 27. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a phenyl, naphthyl or bicyclooctyl.
 28. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one R² is fluoro, chloro, methyl, —CF₃, —OH, —OMe, —O-isopropyl, or —NH₂.
 29. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one R² is fluoro, chloro, methyl, or —OMe.
 30. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one R⁵ is fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, t-butyl, —CH₂OH, —CF₃, —O—CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CN, —NO₂, —OCF₃, —CO₂Me, —S—CF₃, —SF₅, —SO₂Me, —SO₂CF₃, or phenyl.
 31. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one R⁵ is fluoro, chloro, —CF₃, —O—CF₃, —S—CF₃, —SF₅, or —SO₂Me.
 32. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one R¹⁰ is fluoro, chloro, methyl, —CH₂—CH═CH₂, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —OMe, —O-t-butyl, —O—CF₃, —N═(NH₂)₂, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl, or phenyl.
 33. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one R¹⁰ is chloro, methyl, —CF₃, or phenyl.
 34. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Z¹, Z⁴, and Z⁵ are each independently CR⁶; Z² and Z³ are each independently CR²; Y is —O—; E is C₂₋₆-alkynyl, C₃₋₉-cycloalkyl, C₄₋₉-cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 3-10 membered heteroaryl, or 3-9 membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally and independently substituted with one, two, three, four, or five occurrences of R⁵; R¹ is

 wherein R^(a) is C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(b) is C₁₋₆ alkyl or halo C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(c) is C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₆₋₁₀ aryl, or R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or 3-8 membered heterocycloalkyl ring; and at least one R² is independently halo, —CN, —N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloC₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, —O—C₂₋₆ alkenyl, or 3-10 membered heteroaryl.
 35. The compound of claim 34, wherein Y is —O—.
 36. The compound of claim 34, wherein E is ethyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, pyrazolyl, benzodioxolyl, cyclohexenyl, thiazolyl, ethynyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, bicycloheptanyl, or benzthiazolyl.
 37. The compound of claim 36, wherein E is phenyl.
 38. The compound of claim 34, wherein R^(a) is methyl.
 39. The compound of claim 34, wherein R^(b) is methyl.
 40. The compound of claim 34, wherein R^(b) is ethyl.
 41. The compound of claim 34, wherein R^(b) is —CF₃.
 42. The compound of claim 34, wherein R^(c) is methyl, ethyl, propyl, —CH₂F, or phenyl.
 43. The compound of claim 34, wherein R^(c) is methyl or ethyl.
 44. The compound of claim 34, wherein R^(a) and R^(c), taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclopentyl, bicycloheptyl, or oxiranyl.
 45. The compound of claim 34, wherein at least one R² is methyl, chloro, fluoro, bromo, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —OMe, —O-propenyl, —CN or thiazolyl.
 46. The compound of claim 34, wherein at least one R² is methyl, chloro, —CF₃, —CHF₂, or thiazolyl.
 47. The compound of claim 34, wherein at least one R² is methyl or —CHF₂.
 48. The compound of claim 34, wherein R³ is hydrogen.
 49. The compound of claim 34, wherein R³ is methyl.
 50. The compound of claim 34, wherein R⁴ is hydrogen.
 51. The compound of claim 34, wherein R⁵ is chloro, bromo, —OH, —CN, —NO₂, methyl, t-butyl, —CH₂OH, —O-iPr, —CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, 1-propenyl, —NH₂, —NMe₂, —CO₂Me, —S—CF₃, —SF₅, —SO₂Me, —SO₂CF₃, phenyl, cyclopropyl, 1-CF₃-cyclopropyl, or 4,4-difluorocyclohexyl.
 52. The compound of claim 34, wherein R⁵ is t-butyl, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —S—CF₃, or —SF₅.
 53. The compound of claim 34, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen or fluoro.
 54. The compound of claim 34, wherein R⁷ is hydrogen.
 55. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is in the α-configuration.
 56. The compound of claim 55, where the compound of Formula (I) has the structure (IA):


57. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is in the β-configuration.
 58. The compound of claim 57, where the compound of Formula (I) has the structure (IB):


59. A compound selected from: Compound # Compound #

71

83

73

46

42

62

79

53

12

66

29

268

63

49

76

32

269

26

85

34

270

38

52

260

57

2

65

267

84

45

81

86

59

28

64

41

35

75

31

58

231

47

3

67

222

51

236

233

72

27

55

78

61

221

37

225

226

25

70

266

74

279

4

280

310

224

312

237

239

286

289

311

275

277

274

292

293

244

247

295

304

283

278

293

301

298

306

299

300

302

254

297

241

281

263

298

248

314

313

36

50

69

82

40

1

238

303

240

48

30

60

56

77

68

80

246

292

242

243

257

294

290

271

272

273

245

229

43

39

44

33

54

5

6

1

8

7

10

9

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

249

251

255

256

259

261

262

264

265

276

282

235

284

285

287

290

291

295

296

305

307

308

988

288

230

232

219

228

234

227

220

223

84

35

75

67

222

27

55

78

74

279

249

237

239

14

286

280

277

274

292

293

296

247

295

304

244

278

253

301

298

306

299

300

302

254

251

297

241

281

263

298

255

248

314

313

36

81

40

1

303

256

282

290

246

252

242

243

257

294

250

245

283

291

308

309

310

311

291

229

249

237

286

280

277

274

292

293

296

247

295

304

244

278

253

301

258

306

299

300

288

302

254

297

241

281

290

248

314

313

246

252

242

243

257

294

245

283

255

256

282

290

292

308

309

310

311

279

286

280

277

292

293

244

278

249

288

274

246

292

242

243

294

250

245

283

308

309

314

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 60-63. (canceled)
 64. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 65. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 64, further comprising one or more CFTR therapeutic agents.
 66. A method of treating deficient CFTR activity in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of claim
 1. 67-68. (canceled)
 69. The method of claim 66, wherein contacting the cell occurs in a subject in need thereof, thereby treating a CFTR-mediated condition and/or disease.
 70. The method of claim 69, wherein the disease or condition is selected from cystic fibrosis, asthma, smoke induced COPD, chronic bronchitis, rhinosinusitis, constipation, pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, male infertility caused by congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), mild pulmonary disease, idiopathic pancreatitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), congenital pneumonia, intestinal malabsorption, celiac disease, nasal polyposis, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, pancreatic steatorrhea, intestinal atresia, liver disease, hereditary emphysema, hereditary hemochromatosis, coagulation-fibrinolysis deficiencies, protein C deficiency, Type 1 hereditary angioedema, lipid processing deficiencies, familial hypercholesterolemia, Type 1 chylomicronemia, abetalipoproteinemia, lysosomal storage diseases, I-cell disease/pseudo-Hurler, mucopolysaccharidoses, Sandhoff/Tay-Sachs, Crigler-Najjar type II, polyendocrinopathy/hyperinsulemia, Diabetes mellitus, Laron dwarfism, myleoperoxidase deficiency, primary hypoparathyroidism, melanoma, glycanosis CDG type 1, congenital hyperthyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, hereditary hypofibrinogenemia, ACT deficiency, Diabetes insipidus (DI), neurophyseal DI, neprogenic DI, Charcot-Marie Tooth syndrome, Perlizaeus-Merzbacher disease, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick's disease, several polyglutamine neurological disorders, Huntington's, spinocerebullar ataxia type I, spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, dentatorubal pallidoluysian, myotonic dystrophy, spongiform encephalopathies, hereditary Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Fabry disease, Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, COPD, dry-eye disease, Sjogren's disease, Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, bone healing and bone growth, bone repair, bone regeneration, reducing bone resorption, increasing bone deposition, Gorham's Syndrome, chloride channelopathies, myotonia congenita, Bartter's syndrome type III, Dent's disease, hyperekplexia, epilepsy, hyperekplexia, lysosomal storage disease, Angelman syndrome, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD), PCD with situs inversus, PCD without situs inversus and ciliary aplasia.
 71. The method of claim 69, wherein the disease or condition is selected from cystic fibrosis, congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD), acute, recurrent, or chronic pancreatitis, disseminated bronchiectasis, asthma, allergic pulmonary aspergillosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congenital pneumonia, intestinal malabsorption, celiac disease, nasal polyposis, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, pancreatic steatorrhea, intestinal atresia, rhinosinusitis, dry eye disease, protein C deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia, lysosomal storage disease, type 1 chylomicronemia, mild pulmonary disease, lipid processing deficiencies, type 1 hereditary angioedema, coagulation-fibrinolyis, hereditary hemochromatosis, CFTR-related metabolic syndrome, chronic bronchitis, constipation, pancreatic insufficiency, hereditary emphysema, and Sjogren's syndrome.
 72. The method of claim 69, wherein the disease or condition is cystic fibrosis.
 73. A method of treating cystic fibrosis or a symptom thereof in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 74. The method of claim 73, wherein the subject is human.
 75. The method according to claim 73, wherein said subject is at risk of developing cystic fibrosis, and wherein said administering step is carried out prior to the onset of symptoms of cystic fibrosis in said subject. 